Deck 52: The Psychological Therapies

Question 1

Classical psychoanalysts were especially interested in

A) encouraging patients to carefully observe the consequences of their maladaptive behaviors.
B) minimizing the possibility that patients would experience anxiety during therapy.
C) discouraging patients from using antianxiety or antidepressant drugs.
D) interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures.

Answer 1

interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures.

Question 2

While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as

A) active listening.
B) free association.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) transference.

Answer 2

free association.

Question 3

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates

A) psychoanalysis.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
D) virtual reality exposure therapy.

Answer 3

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 4

The goal of stress inoculation training is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of

A) light exposure therapy.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) humanistic therapy.
D) cognitive therapy.

Question 5

Systematic desensitization is a form of

A) aversive conditioning.
B) exposure therapy.
C) stress inoculation training.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 6

In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of

A) stress inoculation training.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) operant conditioning.
D) virtual reality exposure therapy.

Question 7

The technique in which a person is asked to report everything that comes to his or her mind is called ________; it is favored by ________ therapists.

A) active listening; cognitive
B) spontaneous remission; humanistic
C) free association; psychoanalytic
D) systematic desensitization; behavior

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT necessarily an advantage of group therapies over individual therapies?

A) They tend to take less time for the therapist.
B) They tend to cost less money for the client.
C) They are more effective.
D) They allow the client to test new behaviors in a social context.

Question 9

Which of the following therapists would most likely challenge and dispute a client's self-defeating thoughts?

A) Joseph Wolpe
B) Albert Ellis
C) Carl Rogers
D) Aaron Beck

Question 10

Of the following categories of psychotherapy, which is known for its nondirective nature?

A) psychoanalysis
B) humanistic therapy
C) behavior therapy
D) cognitive therapy

Question 11

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Egaz Moniz
C) Carl Rogers
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of psychoanalysis?

A) It emphasizes the existence of repressed memories.
B) It provides interpretations that are hard to disprove.
C) It is generally a very expensive process.
D) It gives therapists too much control over patients.

Question 13

Cognitive therapists are most likely to

A) focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings about their therapists.
B) employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties.
C) emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events.
D) systematically associate clients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant experiences.

Question 14

Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of

A) interpreting the meaning of clients' nonverbal behaviors.
B) enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.
C) helping clients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
D) discouraging clients from using antianxiety drugs.

Question 15

Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?

A) Mary Cover Jones
B) Carl Rogers
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Hans Eysenck

Question 16

A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be

A) client-centered.
B) eclectic.
C) humanistic.
D) meta-analytic.

Question 17

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates

A) psychodynamic therapy.
B) operant conditioning.
C) stress inoculation training.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 18

To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates

A) systematic desensitization.
B) light exposure therapy.
C) aversive conditioning.
D) stress inoculation training.

Question 19

During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) progressive relaxation.
C) resistance.
D) regression toward the mean.

Question 20

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates

A) stress inoculation training.
B) aversive conditioning.
C) exposure therapy.
D) EMDR.

Question 21

One reason that aversive conditioning may only be temporarily effective is that

A) for ethical reasons, therapists cannot use sufficiently intense unconditioned stimuli to sustain classical conditioning.
B) patients are often unable to become sufficiently relaxed for conditioning to take place.
C) patients know that outside the therapist's office they can engage in the undesirable behavior without fear of aversive consequences.
D) most conditioned responses are elicited by many nonspecific stimuli and it is impossible to countercondition them all.

Question 22

The treatment of serious psychological disorders with prescribed medications or medical procedures that directly influence the nervous system is called

A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) psychodynamic therapy.
D) biomedical therapy.

Question 23

Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy

A) helps people gain insight into the roots of their problems.
B) offers interpretations of patients' feelings.
C) focuses on current relationships.
D) does all of these things.

Question 24

One variety of ________ therapy is based on the finding that depressed people often attribute their failures to ________.

A) humanistic; themselves
B) behavior; external circumstances
C) cognitive; external circumstances
D) cognitive; themselves

Question 25

The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can later be exchanged for various rewards is called

A) counterconditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) a token economy.
D) exposure therapy.

Question 26

The technique in which a therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a nondirective manner is called

A) active listening.
B) free association.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) transference.

Question 27

Psychological disorders that researchers believe are learned, such as phobias, are most likely to be treated with

A) meta-analysis.
B) psychotherapy.
C) aversive conditioning.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 28

An eclectic psychotherapist is one who

A) takes a nondirective approach in helping clients solve their problems.
B) views psychological disorders as usually stemming from one cause, such as a biological abnormality.
C) uses one particular technique, such as psychoanalysis or counterconditioning, in treating disorders.
D) uses a variety of techniques, depending on the client and the problem.

Question 29

Which type of therapy focuses on eliminating irrational thinking?

A) EMDR
B) client-centered therapy
C) cognitive therapy
D) behavior therapy

Question 30

Principles of operant conditioning underlie which of the following techniques?

A) counterconditioning
B) systematic desensitization
C) stress inoculation training
D) the token economy

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of behavior therapy?

A) Clients may rely too much on extrinsic rewards for their new behaviors.
B) Behavior control is unethical.
C) Outside the therapeutic setting, the new behavior may disappear.
D) All of these are criticisms of behavior therapy.

Question 32

In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?

A) cognitive therapy
B) aversive conditioning
C) counterconditioning
D) systematic desensitization

Question 33

The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symptoms are

A) a reflection of irrational thinking.
B) conditioned responses.
C) expressions of unfulfilled wishes.
D) all of these things.

Question 34

Family therapy differs from other forms of psychotherapy because it focuses on

A) using a variety of treatment techniques.
B) conscious rather than unconscious processes.
C) the present instead of the past.
D) how family tensions may cause individual problems.

Question 35

Carl Rogers was a ________ therapist who was the creator of ________.

A) behavior; systematic desensitization
B) psychoanalytic; insight therapy
C) humanistic; client-centered therapy
D) cognitive; cognitive therapy for depression

Question 36

Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing unwanted behaviors rather than on discovering their underlying causes?

A) behavior therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) psychoanalysis

Question 37

The techniques of counterconditioning are based on principles of

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) behavior modification.

Question 38

Which type of psychotherapy emphasizes the individual's inherent potential for self-fulfillment?

A) behavior therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) humanistic therapy
D) biomedical therapy

Question 39

Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to

A) alter the way people act.
B) make people more aware of their irrational negative thinking.
C) alter the way people think and act.
D) countercondition anxiety-provoking stimuli.

Question 40

Using techniques of classical conditioning to develop an association between unwanted behavior and an unpleasant experience is known as

A) aversive conditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) transference.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 41

A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is

A) stress inoculation training.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) active listening.
D) free association.

Question 42

Mr. Choi's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist's goal best reflects a primary aim of

A) client-centered therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 43

According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the

A) expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships.
B) blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy.
C) replacement of a genuine concern for others with self-centeredness.
D) conversion of psychological conflicts into physical and behavioral disorders.

Question 44

Which form of therapy has been criticized for offering interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven?

A) client-centered therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) cognitive-behavioral therapy
D) systematic desensitization

Question 45

Psychoanalysts would be most likely to discourage patients from

A) experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for their therapist.
B) discontinuing psychotherapy whenever they felt it was no longer necessary.
C) talking about anxiety-arousing material during therapy.
D) taking antianxiety drugs during the course of psychotherapy.

Question 46

Which of the following therapists would most likely try to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring that person's childhood experiences?

A) a psychoanalyst
B) a behavior therapist
C) a humanistic therapist
D) a cognitive therapist

Question 47

Transference refers to a client's

A) conversion of psychological conflicts into physical and behavioral disorders.
B) expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships.
C) replacement of self-centeredness with a genuine concern for others.
D) translation of threatening dream content into nonthreatening images.

Question 48

Who would be most likely to expect that patients are often motivated to resist retelling a recent dream?

A) a humanistic therapist
B) a psychoanalyst
C) a behavior therapist
D) a cognitive therapist

Question 49

Helping people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder is a central aim of

A) cognitive therapies.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) light exposure therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 50

Which of the following best illustrates a form of psychotherapy?

A) systematic desensitization
B) electroconvulsive therapy
C) psychosurgery
D) rTMS

Question 51

A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who

A) prescribes the use of drugs as part of psychotherapy.
B) emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.
C) prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.
D) uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.

Question 52

The first psychological therapy was introduced by

A) Joseph Wolpe.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Aaron Beck.
D) Carl Rogers.

Question 53

In the United States, managed health care has limited the number of psychotherapy sessions that may be covered by insurance. This is particularly likely to discourage the widespread practice of

A) virtual reality exposure therapy.
B) behavior modification.
C) cognitive therapies.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 54

Lynn has begun to buy small gifts for her therapist, and she feels extremely jealous of the time he spends with his other patients. To a psychoanalyst, this is most indicative of

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) the placebo effect.
C) transference.
D) free association.

Question 55

An important component of psychoanalysis is

A) active listening.
B) dream analysis.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 56

When Molly told her therapist about her frightening car accident, the therapist instructed her to close her eyes and verbalize any further thoughts stimulated by this experience, even if they were scary or embarrassing. The therapist was making use of a technique known as

A) active listening.
B) transference.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) free association.

Question 57

Psychodynamic therapy is ________ than traditional psychoanalysis.

A) less effective
B) briefer
C) more expensive
D) less commonly used

Question 58

Dr. Byrne is a clinical psychologist who often uses operant conditioning techniques to treat her clients. She also encourages them to modify their thought patterns, and on occasion she interprets their transference behaviors. Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach would best be described as

A) biomedical.
B) psychoanalytic.
C) behavioral.
D) eclectic.

Question 59

During psychotherapy, Leon would begin to stutter whenever he began discussing personally sensitive thoughts. Sigmund Freud would have been likely to interpret this stuttering as

A) neurogenesis.
B) tardive dyskinesia.
C) a placebo effect.
D) resistance.

Question 60

Psychoanalysts are most likely to view patient transference as

A) a symptom of depression.
B) a sign of healthy personality development.
C) a potential aid to the patient in developing insight.
D) evidence that no further therapy is needed.

Question 61

The healing power of insight and self-awareness is LEAST likely to be emphasized by ________ therapists.

A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) behavior
D) humanistic

Question 62

An important feature of client-centered therapy is

A) systematic desensitization.
B) transference.
C) free association.
D) active listening.

Question 63

Psychodynamic therapies try to understand patients' current symptoms by focusing on recurring patterns in their

A) interpersonal relationships.
B) sexual dysfunctions.
C) eating habits and drug use.
D) self-blaming explanations.

Question 64

Which therapeutic approach relies most heavily on patients' discovering their own ways of effectively dealing with their difficulties?

A) psychoanalysis
B) cognitive therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) client-centered therapy

Question 65

Which form of therapy would most likely help depressed patients by teaching them how to resolve disagreements with their friends?

A) systematic desensitization
B) interpersonal psychotherapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) cognitive therapy

Question 66

Carl Rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of therapy.

A) clearly communicate their diagnosis of a client's disorder
B) genuinely express their own true feelings
C) explain the immediate causes of a client's difficulties
D) identify a hierarchy of the client's anxiety-arousing experiences

Question 67

Carl Rogers referred to a caring, nonjudgmental attitude as

A) active listening.
B) free association.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 68

When Murli told his therapist, "I came to see what you could do for me," the therapist responded, "It sounds like you're feeling you need some help. Am I right?" The therapist's response illustrates the technique of

A) transference.
B) free association.
C) active listening.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 69

Empathic understanding of the patient's subjective experiences is a major goal of a

A) psychoanalyst.
B) biomedical therapist.
C) client-centered therapist.
D) behavior therapist.

Question 70

Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to

A) focus more on other people's feelings than on their own.
B) adapt more readily to social norms and expectations.
C) imitate the behavior of others who are happy and successful.
D) take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions.

Question 71

Unlike psychodynamic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the ________ more than the ________.

A) present; future
B) past; present
C) present; past
D) past; future

Question 72

Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of

A) behavior therapy.
B) humanistic therapy.
C) psychodynamic therapy.
D) cognitive therapy.

Question 73

Insight therapies aim to improve psychological functioning by

A) discouraging people from using antidepressant drugs.
B) using progressive relaxation to reduce anxiety.
C) increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
D) using personality tests to accurately diagnose the person's difficulties.

Question 74

Restating and clarifying what another person says is central to

A) systematic desensitization.
B) free association.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) active listening.

Question 75

Therapist Jonathan Shedler helped a patient to become aware of his adversarial stance in his relationships and to recognize that this adversarial stance had roots in the attacks he once experienced from his alcohol-dependent father. The therapist's efforts best illustrate

A) stress inoculation training.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 76

Instead of focusing on unconscious and repressed thoughts and impulses, ________ therapies focus on conscious thoughts and self-perceptions.

A) behavior
B) humanistic
C) biomedical
D) psychodynamic

Question 77

During a marriage counseling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Mrs. Gallo that they each restate their spouse's comments before making their own. The therapist was applying a technique most closely associated with

A) psychoanalysis.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) client-centered therapy.

Question 78

Nate's past relationships with his mother, his former wife, and his previous employer have been characterized by common patterns of resentment and emotional detachment. Helping Nate gain insight into these recurring relationship patterns would be of greatest concern to a

A) behavior therapist.
B) biomedical therapist.
C) psychodynamic therapist.
D) humanistic therapist.

Question 79

In one treatment for bed-wetting, the child sleeps on a liquid-sensitive pad that when wet, triggers an alarm and awakens the child. This treatment is a form of

A) biomedical therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) behavior therapy.
D) humanistic therapy.

Question 80

In classical conditioning therapies, maladaptive symptoms are usually considered to be

A) unconditioned stimuli.
B) conditioned stimuli.
C) unconditioned responses.
D) conditioned responses.