Deck 14: Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

A) Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
B) Piaget's cognitive development theory.
C) Harlow's attachment theory.
D) Kohlberg's moral development theory.

Answer 1

Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Question 2

Stranger anxiety develops soon after

A) the concept of conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) a theory of mind.
D) the concept of object permanence.

Answer 2

the concept of object permanence.

Question 3

Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
B) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
C) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
D) preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational

Answer 3

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 4

Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the

A) sensorimotor stage.
B) preoperational stage.
C) concrete operational stage.
D) formal operational stage.

Question 5

The Harlows' studies of attachment in monkeys showed that

A) provision of nourishment was the single most important factor motivating attachment.
B) a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response.
C) whether a cloth or wire mother was present mattered less than the presence or absence of other infants.
D) attachment in monkeys is based on imprinting.

Question 6

Compared with the children of authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are

A) less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.
B) more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence.
C) less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence.
D) more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

Question 7

The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is

A) Piaget.
B) Harlow.
C) Vygotsky.
D) Erikson.

Question 8

When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are NOT influenced by

A) conservation.
B) nature.
C) nurture.
D) continuity.

Question 9

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) preconventional
B) authoritative
C) formal operational
D) authoritarian

Question 10

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

A) sense of object permanence.
B) concept of conservation.
C) capacity for habituation.
D) secure attachment.

Question 11

Before Piaget, people were more likely to believe that

A) the child's mind is a miniature model of the adult's.
B) children think about the world in radically different ways from adults.
C) the child's mind develops through a series of stages.
D) children interpret their experiences in terms of their current understandings.

Question 12

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of

A) conservation.
B) assimilation.
C) habituation.
D) accommodation.

Question 13

During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 14

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' emotional states is most characteristic of

A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) menarche.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) object permanence.

Question 15

The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as

A) object permanence.
B) accommodation.
C) the preoperational stage.
D) a critical period.

Question 16

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a

A) theory of mind.
B) concept of conservation.
C) sense of object permanence.
D) capacity for abstract reasoning.

Question 17

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

A) egocentrism.
B) object permanence.
C) insecure attachment.
D) postconventional morality.

Question 18

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

A) object permanence.
B) egocentrism.
C) a theory of mind.
D) stranger anxiety.

Question 19

In Piaget's stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of

A) conservation.
B) deduction.
C) attachment.
D) object permanence.

Question 20

Research findings on infant motor development are consistent with the idea that

A) cognitive development lags significantly behind motor skills development.
B) maturation of physical skills is relatively unaffected by experience.
C) in the absence of relevant earlier learning experiences, the emergence of motor skills will be slowed.
D) in humans, the process of maturation may be significantly altered by cultural factors.

Question 21

Three-year-olds who experienced a fire evacuation caused by a burning popcorn maker were unable to remember the cause of this vivid event when they were 10-year-olds. This best illustrates

A) habituation.
B) assimilation.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) a critical period.

Question 22

Most people's earliest memories do not predate ________ of age.

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 23

Our earliest conscious memories seldom predate our third birthday. This best illustrates

A) egocentrism.
B) imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) infantile amnesia.

Question 24

Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that

A) the trauma of birth interferes with the early formation of memories.
B) most brain cells do not yet exist at the time of birth.
C) experiences shortly after birth are a meaningless blur of darkness and light.
D) the hippocampus and frontal lobes are immature during early infancy.

Question 25

Maturation refers to

A) the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
B) biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
C) any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development.
D) the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

Question 26

One study found that English-speaking adults could relearn subtle sound contrasts in the Hindu or Zulu they had spoken as children even though they had no ________ the Hindu or Zulu language they had once spoken.

A) personal curiosity about
B) conscious memory of
C) basic trust regarding
D) role confusion associated with

Question 27

Cognition refers to

A) an emotional tie linking one person with another.
B) the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
C) any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
D) any process of change that accompanies maturation.

Question 28

From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the

A) frontal lobes.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) brainstem.

Question 29

Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to

A) habituation.
B) maturation.
C) responsive parenting.
D) imprinting.

Question 30

Maturation is to education as ________ is to ________.

A) accommodation; assimilation
B) nature; nurture
C) imprinting; critical period
D) environment; learning

Question 31

Which of the following was not found by the Harlows in socially deprived monkeys?

A) They had difficulty mating.
B) They showed extreme fear or aggression when first seeing other monkeys.
C) They showed abnormal physical development.
D) The females were abusive mothers.

Question 32

The association areas are the last cortical areas to fully develop their

A) schemas.
B) teratogens.
C) neural networks.
D) primary sex characteristics.

Question 33

Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child

A) is like a blank slate at birth.
B) is not heavily influenced by maturation.
C) develops through a series of stages.
D) is heavily dependent on the child's personality.

Question 34

The term critical period refers to

A) prenatal development.
B) the initial 2 hours after a child's birth.
C) the preoperational stage.
D) a restricted time for learning.

Question 35

A failure to practice important motor skills can result in a loss of agility because unused neural connections

A) habituate.
B) assimilate.
C) imprint.
D) are pruned.

Question 36

Mr. and Mrs. Batson can't wait to begin toilet training their year-old daughter. The Batsons most clearly need to be informed about the importance of

A) imprinting.
B) habituation.
C) maturation.
D) object permanence.

Question 37

Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will

A) hold fast to their mothers on their return.
B) explore the new surroundings confidently.
C) be indifferent toward their mothers on their return.
D) display little emotion at any time.

Question 38

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

A) Konrad Lorenz
B) Jean Piaget
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Erik Erikson

Question 39

The concept of maturation is most relevant to understanding the absence of

A) secure attachments among infants.
B) bladder control among 2-year-olds.
C) self-esteem among kindergarten students.
D) moral behavior among adolescents.

Question 40

Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ________ of the major developmental milestones.

A) both the sequence and the age-related timing
B) the sequence but not the age-related timing
C) the age-related timing but not the sequence
D) neither the sequence nor the age-related timing

Question 41

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to

A) parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
B) incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
C) developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.
D) adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.

Question 42

When researcher Karen Wynn showed 14-month-old infants a numerically impossible outcome, the infants

A) stared longer at the outcome.
B) displayed rapid imprinting.
C) demonstrated an obvious lack of object permanence.
D) showed signs of formal operational reasoning.

Question 43

According to Piaget, imagining an action and mentally reversing it would be an example of a

A) pruning process.
B) critical period.
C) mental operation.
D) sensorimotor action.

Question 44

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.

A) conservation; egocentrism
B) imprinting; maturation
C) sensorimotor stage; preoperational stage
D) assimilation; accommodation

Question 45

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Question 46

Incorrectly assuming that something that is clearly understood by us will also be clearly understood by others illustrates

A) accommodation.
B) the curse of knowledge.
C) object permanence.
D) habituation.

Question 47

The egocentrism of preschoolers was most strongly emphasized by

A) Harlow's attachment theory.
B) Rovee-Collier's infant memory theory.
C) Piaget's cognitive development theory.
D) Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

Question 48

Infants accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice. This suggests that Piaget

A) overestimated the continuity of cognitive development.
B) underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants.
C) overestimated the impact of culture on infant intelligence.
D) underestimated the impact of object permanence on infant attachment.

Question 49

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 50

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called

A) egocentrism.
B) assimilation.
C) imprinting.
D) accommodation.

Question 51

According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.

A) concrete operational
B) sensorimotor
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 52

According to Piaget, schemas are

A) fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages.
B) children's ways of coming to terms with their sexuality.
C) people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.
D) problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage.

Question 53

The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of

A) assimilation.
B) conservation.
C) accommodation.
D) maturation.

Question 54

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

A) accommodation.
B) object permanence.
C) conservation.
D) egocentrism.

Question 55

Object permanence is the understanding that

A) developmental stages occur in a predictable sequence.
B) biological growth processes enable orderly development.
C) things continue to exist even when they are not perceived.
D) the mass and volume of objects remain the same despite changes in their form.

Question 56

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
B) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
D) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 57

Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of

A) habituation.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) attachment.

Question 58

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to

A) deal with the discipline of toilet training.
B) see things from the point of view of another person.
C) recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
D) retain earlier schemas when confronted by new experiences.

Question 59

When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 60

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

A) a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.
B) young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
C) the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
D) a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Question 61

According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 62

Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism spectrum disorder is indicative of an inborn

A) stranger anxiety.
B) fetal alcohol syndrome.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) male systemizing tendency.

Question 63

Chloe can clearly sense when her sister's teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n)

A) sense of object permanence.
B) insecure attachment.
C) concept of conservation.
D) theory of mind.

Question 64

The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky suggested that children's ability to solve problems is enhanced by

A) basic trust.
B) inner speech.
C) conservation.
D) imprinting.

Question 65

Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder include deficient communication and social interaction skills, as well as

A) a prenatal addiction to alcohol.
B) memory deficits.
C) a lack of dopamine in relevant brain cells.
D) repetitive behaviors and interests.

Question 66

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the ________ stage is to the ________ stage.

A) concrete operational; preoperational
B) sensorimotor; preoperational
C) concrete operational; formal operational
D) preoperational; concrete operational

Question 67

Vygotsky suggested that new words provide a temporary ________ from which children can step to higher levels of thinking

A) preoperational stage
B) neural network
C) critical period
D) scaffold

Question 68

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to

A) reason abstractly.
B) adhere to social norms.
C) distinguish between helpful and harmful behaviors.
D) experience object permanence.

Question 69

ASD has differing levels of severity. Those who have normal intelligence but lack social and communication skills are said to

A) have developed a theory of mind .
B) have low levels of testosterone .
C) be high functioning.
D) be able to mirror others' actions.

Question 70

Children with high levels of prenatal testosterone develop more

A) infantile amnesia.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) autistic traits.
D) secure attachment.

Question 71

According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ________ stage.

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) sensorimotor

Question 72

Preschoolers' acquisition of a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's

A) egocentrism.
B) habituation.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) sense of object permanence.

Question 73

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with

A) infantile amnesia.
B) concrete operational thought.
C) role confusion.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 74

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a

A) secure attachment.
B) sense of object permanence.
C) theory of mind.
D) concept of conservation.

Question 75

Animations that grafted emotion-conveying faces onto toy trains have been developed to alleviate symptoms of

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 76

According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about events first develops during the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 77

Three-year-olds were shown a model of a room with a miniature stuffed dog placed behind a miniature couch. By using the model to locate an actual stuffed dog behind a couch in a real room, the children demonstrated their capacity for

A) habituation.
B) symbolic thinking.
C) conservation.
D) concrete operational reasoning.

Question 78

According to Vygotsky, parents who say "No, no!" when pulling a child's hand away from a cake are giving the child a tool for

A) habituation.
B) self-control.
C) object permanence.
D) a secure attachment.

Question 79

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of

A) object permanence.
B) conservation.
C) egocentrism.
D) accommodation.

Question 80

Psychologists David Premack and Guy Woodruff described chimpanzees' seeming ability to read intentions as indicative of

A) imprinting.
B) a theory of mind.
C) object permanence.
D) a secure attachment.