Deck 46: A: Prosocial Relations

Question 1

The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) self-disclosure.
C) group polarization.
D) physical arousal.

Answer 1

physical arousal.

Question 2

Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their

A) attitudes.
B) intelligence.
C) physical appearance.
D) superordinate goals.

Answer 2

physical appearance.

Question 3

Olivia, a 21-year-old university student, is quiet, relaxed, reflective, and politically liberal. Research suggests that she would most likely become a good friend of

A) Cody, who is relaxed and talkative.
B) Thor, who is politically liberal and assertive.
C) Philip, who is reflective and quiet.
D) Pancho, who is talkative and assertive.

Answer 3

Philip, who is reflective and quiet.

Question 4

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their

A) happiness.
B) academic competence.
C) frequency of dating.
D) altruism.

Question 5

The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.

A) similarity
B) physical arousal
C) self-disclosure
D) proximity

Question 6

Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a ________ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere.

A) less; less
B) more; more
C) less; more
D) more; less

Question 7

Observers watching videos of speed-dating encounters can detect a man's level of romantic interest ________ accurately than a woman's. If women at a speed-dating event stay seated while the men circulate, men wish for future contact with ________ of their speed dates than do women.

A) more; more
B) less; fewer
C) less; more
D) less; less

Question 8

In investigating the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, Dutton and Aron arranged for an attractive woman to briefly interact with men who had recently

A) consumed an alcoholic beverage.
B) crossed a swaying footbridge.
C) listened to romantic music.
D) intervened in an emergency.

Question 9

As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is most likely to be facilitated by

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the bystander effect.
C) deindividuation.
D) oxytocin.

Question 10

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as

A) social facilitation.
B) companionate love.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Question 11

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of

A) social exchange theory.
B) the two-factor theory of emotion.
C) social facilitation.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 12

When Armen first heard the hit song "Lose Yourself," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates

A) the bystander effect.
B) social facilitation.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 13

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to

A) express dissatisfaction with their own physical appearance.
B) deny that their liking for physically attractive dates is influenced by good looks.
C) judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.
D) marry someone who is less physically attractive than they themselves are.

Question 14

Liking those who share and validate our attitudes is best explained in terms of

A) social facilitation.
B) a reward theory.
C) deindividuation.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 15

We are likely to prefer as friends those who are similar to us in

A) attitudes.
B) intelligence.
C) age.
D) any of these areas.

Question 16

People tend to prefer a(n) ________ image of themselves, while their friends prefer a ________ version of them.

A) mirror; actual
B) actual; mirror
C) actual; actual
D) mirror; mirror

Question 17

People tend to like the letters of their own name better than other letters. This is best explained in terms of

A) social scripts.
B) deindividuation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 18

People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more

A) deindividuated.
B) sexually prejudiced.
C) sexually aggressive.
D) sexually attractive.

Question 19

An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) deindividuation.
C) the chameleon effect.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 20

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that

A) babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.
B) most children perceive themselves to be physically unattractive.
C) young adults' physical attractiveness fails to predict their frequency of dating.
D) adults' incomes are unrelated to whether they are plain looking or very attractive.

Question 21

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

A) mere exposure effect.
B) other-race effect.
C) bystander effect.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 22

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are

A) reciprocity and social responsibility.
B) social-responsibility and social exchange.
C) reciprocity and social facilitation.
D) social facilitation and social exchange.

Question 23

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychology research on

A) altruism.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography.

Question 24

A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as

A) a social trap.
B) deindividuation.
C) groupthink.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 25

A failure to assume personal responsibility for helping in an emergency situation often plays an important role in the

A) mere exposure effect.
B) chameleon effect.
C) bystander effect.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 26

Altruism is best described as

A) exerting greater effort when working in the presence of others.
B) experiencing an increasing attraction to people as they become more familiar.
C) behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.
D) complying with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

Question 27

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as

A) group polarization.
B) social loafing.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 28

Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their behavior are best explained in terms of

A) the reciprocity norm.
B) social exchange theory.
C) attribution theory.
D) the social-responsibility norm.

Question 29

Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 30

Orville thinks his girlfriend derives more benefits from their relationship than he does, even though he contributes more to the relationship. Orville most clearly believes that their relationship lacks

A) self-disclosure.
B) romantic love.
C) equity.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 31

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) social facilitation.
C) groupthink.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 32

Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of the

A) reciprocity norm.
B) bystander effect.
C) social-responsibility norm.
D) mere exposure effect.

Question 33

After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

A) ingroup bias.
B) reciprocity norm.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) mere exposure effect.

Question 34

If two countries are rivals for the exclusive control of the same area of land, their predicament best illustrates

A) the two-factor theory.
B) superordinate goals.
C) deindividuation.
D) conflict.

Question 35

A perceived incompatibility of your class learning goals and the goals of your class instructor best illustrates

A) conflict.
B) social loafing.
C) group polarization.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 36

Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?

A) attribution theory
B) social exchange theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) the two-factor theory of emotion

Question 37

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of

A) groupthink.
B) deindividuation.
C) companionate love.
D) social facilitation.

Question 38

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will

A) notice the emergency.
B) report the emergency to the police.
C) fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.
D) assume responsibility for personally intervening in the emergency.

Question 39

The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked?

A) Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love
B) Grigory, who is busy studying for a history midterm
C) Sigrid, who unexpectedly lost her part-time job and has time on her hands
D) Fred, who is depressed because he just learned he got a D on a chemistry exam

Question 40

As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will

A) experience contempt for the older woman.
B) help the woman by calling an ambulance.
C) experience a sense of empathy for the older woman.
D) fail to notice the older woman's problem.

Question 41

Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) social traps.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 42

After a yearlong drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of

A) ingroup bias.
B) social traps.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 43

Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) win-win solutions.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) deindividuation.

Question 44

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by

A) the plan of a university freshman to enter medical school and eventually become a physician.
B) the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.
C) the desire of a social worker to do volunteer work in the inner city in order to improve race relations.
D) a university president's plan to give students two extra days of spring vacation.

Question 45

A win-win orientation is one that seeks ________ of conflict.

A) mutually beneficial resolutions
B) mirror-image perceptions
C) social facilitation
D) deindividuation

Question 46

Adherence to the reciprocity norm is most relevant to the utility of

A) social facilitation.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) GRIT.

Question 47

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced to the then Soviet Union that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The Soviet's positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) GRIT.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 48

Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of

A) social facilitation.
B) mirror-image perceptions.
C) face-to-face contact.
D) deindividuation.

Question 49

The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of

A) social facilitation.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) self-fulfilling prophecies.
D) the other-race effect.

Question 50

In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) the other-race effect.
D) deindividuation.

Question 51

The distorted perceptions that enemies often have of each other are called mirror-image perceptions because they are

A) shallow.
B) self-centered.
C) similar.
D) self-defeating.

Question 52

The success of interracial cooperative learning in classroom settings best illustrates the value of ________ for reducing racial conflict.

A) social facilitation
B) the just-world phenomenon
C) superordinate goals
D) deindividuation

Question 53

After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) superordinate goals.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 54

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates

A) scapegoating.
B) deindividuation.
C) superordinate goals.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 55

A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) social facilitation.
C) groupthink.
D) conciliation.

Question 56

Superordinate goals refer to

A) prevailing inclinations that have been enforced through discussion within a group.
B) mutual diabolical images that enemies have of each other.
C) social expectations that people will help those that depend on them.
D) shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.