Deck 50: The Immune System

Question 1

What cells are the precursors of macrophages?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells
E)monocytes

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Lymphocyte receptors are encoded by genes that are assembled by rearrangement and mutation of what molecules?

A)pre-mRNA
B)mRNA
C)tRNA
D)DNA

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What are the source of antibody-producing cells?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells
E)monocytes

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What molecules are released by activated helper T cells?

A)antigens
B)immunoglobulins
C)cytokines
D)antibodies

Question 5

During a blood transfusion,what can occur when the antigens on the blood cells of a blood donor interact with the antibodies that are present in the plasma of a recipient that has a different blood type?

A)an autoimmune reaction
B)an infection
C)an agglutination reaction
D)an inflammatory reaction
E)a temperature response

Question 6

What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells?

A)immunoglobulins and antibodies
B)antibodies and antigens
C)histamines and prostaglandins
D)allergens and antigens
E)pyrogens and prostaglandins

Question 7

What are the helper and inducer cells?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells
E)monocytes

Question 8

What are on the surface of most vertebrate cells,acting as markers of "self"?

A)major histocompatibility complex proteins
B)T-cell receptors
C)antigens
D)immunoglobulins

Question 9

________ diseases are those abnormal conditions in which the body's defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly,and attack the body's own tissues.

A)Septic
B)Nondiscrete
C)Autoimmune
D)Cancerous

Question 10

In the humoral response,some B cells differentiate into plasma cells.What do plasma cells produce in large quantities?

A)agglutinations that are specific for foreign antibodies
B)interferons specific for foreign antigens
C)immunoglobulins specific for foreign antigens
D)antigens specific for foreign antibodies
E)macrophages specific for foreign antibodies

Question 11

Which of the following are part of the inflammatory response? (Check all that apply.)

A)Antibodies and interferons are produced against the antigens.
B)Histamine and other chemicals are released,which produce redness,warmth,and edema.
C)Invading agent causes the release of pyrogens,which produce a fever.
D)Neutrophils and macrophages attack the invading microbes and contribute to the pus.

Question 12

Which cells produce specific antibodies?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells
E)monocytes

Question 13

You sit next to Uncle Ed,an immunologist,at Thanksgiving dinner."I'm a 'big eater'",he says,"just like the cells I study." What are the large cells that engulf pathogens that Uncle Ed works with?

A)monocytes
B)erythrocytes
C)macrophages
D)bacteriophages
E)antibodies

Question 14

What category of cells includes both phagocytes and lymphocytes?

A)leukocytes
B)erythrocytes
C)platelets
D)target cells

Question 15

What cells are phagocytes that can also present antigens to T_H cells?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells
E)monocytes

Question 16

The human immunodeficiency virus mounts a direct attack on T_H cells by recognizing the ________ surface proteins associated with these cells.

A)Fc
B)CD4
C)epitope
D)cytokine

Question 17

The surface defenses of the body consist of the ________ and the mucous membranes lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.

A)bone marrow
B)skin
C)T cells
D)lymphocytes

Question 18

A patient with melanoma receives three types of therapy: surgery,radiation,and interferon.Which of these represents something the immune system uses against cancer as well?

A)Radiation -- a class of lymphocytes uses powerful electromagnetic radiation to attack "altered self" cells.
B)Interferon -- T_H cells and NK cells secrete interferon in response to tumor cells.
C)Interferon -- NK cells insert interferon into the membranes of tumor cells,creating large pores that burst the cells.
D)Interferon -- In complexes bound with MHC proteins,the interferons indicate the presence of altered tissue to B cells.

Question 19

What is the name for molecules that provoke a specific immune response?

A)antigens
B)lymphocytes
C)antibodies
D)lysozymes

Question 20

What is a necessary component of a powerful immune system?

A)immunological tolerance
B)strict temperature homeostasis
C)thousands of different Ig genes
D)a large thymus gland

Question 21

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgD
D)IgA
E)IgE

Question 22

What do we call a lymphocyte that has never encountered an antigen?

A)T cell
B)B cell
C)foreign lymphocyte
D)stem leukocyte
E)naïve lymphocyte

Question 23

Select the correct statement regarding the temperature response of the immune system.

A)When macrophages encounter invading cells,they release immunoglobulin-1,which is carried to the brain by the circulatory system.
B)Interleukin-1 is a pyrogen,which can cause the neurons in the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature,producing a fever.
C)Fever contributes to the body's defenses by stimulating hyperhidrosis and causing the liver and spleen to store magnesium.
D)Fevers above 99° F are often fatal.

Question 24

What is another term for allergy?

A)autoimmunity
B)antibodies
C)hypersensitivity
D)antigen shifting
E)asthma

Question 25

Which part of an antibody determines to which epitope it will bind?

A)the two arms of the Y
B)disulfide chains
C)the heavy chains
D)the stem of the Y
E)the Fc portion

Question 26

The cell-mediated immune response is brought about by which cells?

A)B cells
B)T cells
C)erythrocytes
D)fibroblasts
E)lysozymes

Question 27

Select the immunoglobin (Ig)classes that is correctly matched to their facts.Check all that apply.

A)IgA-found in saliva,tears,the GI tract,and mother's milk
B)IgD-serve as receptors on the surfaces of T cells
C)IgE-promotes the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils,causing allergy symptoms
D)IgG-a minor form of immunoglobulin,used only in response to parasitic worms
E)IgM-first secreted during primary response,promotes agglutination,activates complement

Question 28

Where are MHC-II cell surface proteins found?

A)macrophages,B cells,and dendritic cells
B)erythrocytes
C)acidophils
D)neutrophils
E)neutrophils and macrophages

Question 29

Which is a treatment for autoimmune disease? I-administration of corticosteroids
II-administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
III-aspirin

A)I only
B)II only
C)II and III
D)I and II
E)I,II,and III

Question 30

When a person is tested for HIV,the test is considered positive if ________ to the HIV are present.

A)bacteria
B)antigens
C)antibodies
D)T-cells
E)natural killer cells

Question 31

A friend tells you the following story."My aunt just received a heart transplant.Her doctors warned us that her body might reject the tissue.I just can't understand how that could happen as human hearts are made of the same tissues,aren't they?" How do you respond?

A)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles."
B)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles,except some humans have different tissues inside their hearts and this could lead to a tissue rejection by the recipient."
C)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection of tissues goes,your aunt might have different antibodies than did the donor,which could lead to a rejection."
D)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.However,your aunt might have been given some type of drug during the transplant operation that might cause tissue rejection.You can never be too careful in a hospital,you know."
E)"Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection issue,everyone has different MHC proteins on their tissues.Your aunt's immune system recognizes the 'self' tissues but can cause tissue rejection because of the 'nonself' tissue in her body having different MHC proteins."

Question 32

What is the blood type of individuals who lack antigens on their red blood cell surfaces?

A)A,Rh⁺
B)B,Rh⁺
C)AB,Rh^-
D)O,Rh^-.
E)O,Rh⁺

Question 33

What initiates the immune response?

A)suppressor T cells
B)cytotoxic T cells
C)mediator T cells
D)inducer T cells
E)helper T cells

Question 34

What is the term for immunity gained by the transfer of antibodies across the placental barrier?

A)passive immunity
B)acquired immunity
C)humoral immunity
D)cell-mediated immunity
E)auto immunity

Question 35

When a "new" antigen first challenges the immune system,if the primary immune response produces B cells,what are the fates of those B cells? I-Some of the B cells become plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
II-Some of the B cells become memory cells and can produce a swifter response if the body encounters that particular antigen again.
III-Some of the B cells secrete chemicals called pyrogens that travel to the brain inducing a fever.

A)just II
B)just I
C)II and III
D)I and II
E)I,II,and III

Question 36

Which of the following regarding antigens is true?

A)A large antigen is likely to have many different epitopes,each of which can stimulate a distinct immune response.
B)An antigen is a molecule which promotes a general immune response.
C)Bacteria do not contain antigens.
D)Antigens can only be recognized by their lipid moieties.
E)The most effective antigens are small simple amino acid complexes.

Question 37

Which statements about the complement system of vertebrates are correct? (Check all that apply.)

A)The complement system is a part of the immune system of vertebrates.
B)The complement system consists of approximately 30 different proteins that circulate in the plasma.
C)If these proteins encounter the cell wall of a bacteria or fungi they form aggregations and eventually produce a pore that leads to the destruction of the invading cells.
D)Although complement proteins attack invaders,they are not involved with histamine release.
E)The complement system produces antibodies to bind invading cells.

Question 38

Which process allows a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes?

A)DNA rearrangement
B)DNA reestablishment
C)clonal variability
D)instructional variation
E)gene cloning

Question 39

Which mechanism allows certain viral pathogens to evade the vertebrate immune system?

A)becoming a symbiont
B)becoming nonvirulent
C)frequent changing of surface antigens
D)becoming metabolically inactive
E)becoming a spore

Question 40

With what do cytotoxic cells interact?

A)MHC-I proteins
B)MHC-II proteins
C)foreign antigen
D)MHC-I and MHC-II proteins
E)MHC-I proteins and foreign antigens

Question 41

Which of the following are organs of the immune system? (Check all that apply.)

A)red bone marrow
B)spleen
C)thymus
D)thyroid
E)tonsils

Question 42

Which of the following is true regarding cytokines?

A)Cytokines are secreted by T_H cells and bind to receptors.
B)Cytokines are immune cells involved in producing antibodies.
C)Cytokines are secreted by pathogens during infection.
D)Cytokines bind to intracellular receptors.
E)Cytokines protect in the attack of pathogens by phagocytosis.

Question 43

Referring to the figure showing helper T cell function,which statements are true? (Check all that apply.)

A)Cytokines are produced in both diagrams.
B)Antigens play a role in both diagrams.
C)Naïve cells are involved in diagram I.
D)The humoral response is represented in diagram II.

Question 44

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

A)the way in which pathogens are recognized
B)the way in which pathogens are destroyed
C)the types of cells that participate in each response
D)the speed

Question 45

Which of the following statements regarding hypersensitivity are true? (Check all that apply.)

A)The acceptance of self cells is known as immunological tolerance.
B)Allergies are caused by IgG secretion in response to antigens.
C)Autoreactive B cells produce autoantibodies causing inflammation.
D)Itchy welts or hives could be called a local anaphylaxis.
E)Delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by T_H cells and macrophages.

Question 46

Until renamed by Paul Ehrlich in the 1890s,the heat-labile,nonspecific part of the immune system that enhances inflammation was known as "alexin".We now know that various proteins of this system attract neutrophils to tissues,direct phagocytosis of targets by neutrophils and macrophages,burst pathogens by insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC),stimulate histamine release,and increase capillary permeability.What did Ehrlich rename this part of the immune system?

A)complement
B)contingent
C)toll-like response
D)acquired immunity
E)MBL

Question 47

Which of the following describes passive immunity?

A)antibodies transferred to the fetus from the mother across the placenta
B)vaccination for polio
C)allowing oneself to become infected with chicken pox
D)vaccination for influenza
E)catching a common cold

Question 48

Which of the following cells is matched to an incorrect function?

A)eosinophil-important to the elimination of parasites
B)mast cell-releases histamine
C)macrophage-phagocytic cell
D)neutrophil-important antigen presenting cell
E)monocyte-precursor of macrophage

Question 49

Imagine that a Toll-like receptor (TLR)gene has duplicated and mutated,creating a leucine-rich region binding pocket that can now bind to the hemagglutinin protein in the envelope of influenza virus.What do you predict will happen to this novel gene?

A)It will be selected for and over evolutionary time will become an even better receptor for HA protein.
B)It will spread from species to species.
C)It will undergo VDJ rearrangement.
D)It will continue to mutate,perhaps changing to bind other proteins or becoming deleted.