Question 1

Which statements about the complement system of vertebrates are correct? (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) The complement system is a part of the immune system of vertebrates. 
B) The complement system consists of approximately 30 different proteins that circulate in the plasma. 
C) If these proteins encounter the cell wall of a bacteria or fungi they form aggregations and eventually produce a pore that leads to the destruction of the invading cells. 
D) Although complement proteins attack invaders,they are not involved with histamine release. 
E) The complement system produces antibodies to bind invading cells. 
A) The complement system is a part of the immune system of vertebrates. 
B) The complement system consists of approximately 30 different proteins that circulate in the plasma. 
C) If these proteins encounter the cell wall of a bacteria or fungi they form aggregations and eventually produce a pore that leads to the destruction of the invading cells. 
D) Although complement proteins attack invaders,they are not involved with histamine release. 
E) The complement system produces antibodies to bind invading cells. A,B,C

Question 2

A friend tells you the following story."My aunt just received a heart transplant.Her doctors warned us that her body might reject the tissue.I just can't understand how that could happen as human hearts are made of the same tissues,aren't they?" How do you respond?

Accepted Answer

A) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles." 
B) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles,except some humans have different tissues inside their hearts and this could lead to a tissue rejection by the recipient." 
C) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection of tissues goes,your aunt might have different antibodies than did the donor,which could lead to a rejection." 
D) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.However,your aunt might have been given some type of drug during the transplant operation that might cause tissue rejection.You can never be too careful in a hospital,you know." 
E) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection issue,everyone has different MHC proteins on their tissues.Your aunt's immune system recognizes the 'self' tissues but can cause tissue rejection because of the 'nonself' tissue in her body having different MHC proteins." 
A) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles." 
B) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles,except some humans have different tissues inside their hearts and this could lead to a tissue rejection by the recipient." 
C) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection of tissues goes,your aunt might have different antibodies than did the donor,which could lead to a rejection." 
D) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.However,your aunt might have been given some type of drug during the transplant operation that might cause tissue rejection.You can never be too careful in a hospital,you know." 
E) "Yes,all human hearts are made of cardiac muscles.As far as the rejection issue,everyone has different MHC proteins on their tissues.Your aunt's immune system recognizes the 'self' tissues but can cause tissue rejection because of the 'nonself' tissue in her body having different MHC proteins." E

Question 3

Which is a treatment for autoimmune disease? 
I-administration of corticosteroids
II-administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
III-aspirin

Accepted Answer

A) I only 
B) II only 
C) II and III 
D) I and II 
E) I,II,and III 
A) I only 
B) II only 
C) II and III 
D) I and II 
E) I,II,and III E

Question 4

Which cells produce specific antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells 
E) monocytes 
A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells 
E) monocytes

Question 5

Where are MHC-II cell surface proteins found?

Accepted Answer

A) macrophages,B cells,and dendritic cells 
B) erythrocytes 
C) acidophils 
D) neutrophils 
E) neutrophils and macrophages 
A) macrophages,B cells,and dendritic cells 
B) erythrocytes 
C) acidophils 
D) neutrophils 
E) neutrophils and macrophages

Question 6

What molecules are released by activated helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

A) antigens 
B) immunoglobulins 
C) cytokines 
D) antibodies 
A) antigens 
B) immunoglobulins 
C) cytokines 
D) antibodies

Question 7

Which process allows a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA rearrangement 
B) DNA reestablishment 
C) clonal variability 
D) instructional variation 
E) gene cloning 
A) DNA rearrangement 
B) DNA reestablishment 
C) clonal variability 
D) instructional variation 
E) gene cloning

Question 8

What are the source of antibody-producing cells?

Accepted Answer

A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells 
E) monocytes 
A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells 
E) monocytes

Question 9

Imagine that a Toll-like receptor (TLR)gene has duplicated and mutated,creating a leucine-rich region binding pocket that can now bind to the hemagglutinin protein in the envelope of influenza virus.What do you predict will happen to this novel gene?

Accepted Answer

A) It will be selected for and over evolutionary time will become an even better receptor for HA protein. 
B) It will spread from species to species. 
C) It will undergo VDJ rearrangement. 
D) It will continue to mutate,perhaps changing to bind other proteins or becoming deleted. 
A) It will be selected for and over evolutionary time will become an even better receptor for HA protein. 
B) It will spread from species to species. 
C) It will undergo VDJ rearrangement. 
D) It will continue to mutate,perhaps changing to bind other proteins or becoming deleted.

Question 10

Which of the following are part of the inflammatory response? (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Antibodies and interferons are produced against the antigens. 
B) Histamine and other chemicals are released,which produce redness,warmth,and edema. 
C) Invading agent causes the release of pyrogens,which produce a fever. 
D) Neutrophils and macrophages attack the invading microbes and contribute to the pus. 
A) Antibodies and interferons are produced against the antigens. 
B) Histamine and other chemicals are released,which produce redness,warmth,and edema. 
C) Invading agent causes the release of pyrogens,which produce a fever. 
D) Neutrophils and macrophages attack the invading microbes and contribute to the pus.

Question 11

What are the helper and inducer cells?

Accepted Answer

A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells 
E) monocytes 
A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells 
E) monocytes

Question 12

A patient with melanoma receives three types of therapy: surgery,radiation,and interferon.Which of these represents something the immune system uses against cancer as well?

Accepted Answer

A) Radiation -- a class of lymphocytes uses powerful electromagnetic radiation to attack "altered self" cells. 
B) Interferon -- TH cells and NK cells secrete interferon in response to tumor cells. 
C) Interferon -- NK cells insert interferon into the membranes of tumor cells,creating large pores that burst the cells. 
D) Interferon -- In complexes bound with MHC proteins,the interferons indicate the presence of altered tissue to B cells. 
A) Radiation -- a class of lymphocytes uses powerful electromagnetic radiation to attack "altered self" cells. 
B) Interferon -- TH cells and NK cells secrete interferon in response to tumor cells. 
C) Interferon -- NK cells insert interferon into the membranes of tumor cells,creating large pores that burst the cells. 
D) Interferon -- In complexes bound with MHC proteins,the interferons indicate the presence of altered tissue to B cells.

Question 13

What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells?

Accepted Answer

A) immunoglobulins and antibodies 
B) antibodies and antigens 
C) histamines and prostaglandins 
D) allergens and antigens 
E) pyrogens and prostaglandins 
A) immunoglobulins and antibodies 
B) antibodies and antigens 
C) histamines and prostaglandins 
D) allergens and antigens 
E) pyrogens and prostaglandins

Question 14

Until renamed by Paul Ehrlich in the 1890s,the heat-labile,nonspecific part of the immune system that enhances inflammation was known as "alexin".We now know that various proteins of this system attract neutrophils to tissues,direct phagocytosis of targets by neutrophils and macrophages,burst pathogens by insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC),stimulate histamine release,and increase capillary permeability.What did Ehrlich rename this part of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) complement 
B) contingent 
C) toll-like response 
D) acquired immunity 
E) MBL 
A) complement 
B) contingent 
C) toll-like response 
D) acquired immunity 
E) MBL

Question 15

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) the way in which pathogens are recognized 
B) the way in which pathogens are destroyed 
C) the types of cells that participate in each response 
D) the speed 
A) the way in which pathogens are recognized 
B) the way in which pathogens are destroyed 
C) the types of cells that participate in each response 
D) the speed

Question 16

Which mechanism allows certain viral pathogens to evade the vertebrate immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) becoming a symbiont 
B) becoming nonvirulent 
C) frequent changing of surface antigens 
D) becoming metabolically inactive 
E) becoming a spore 
A) becoming a symbiont 
B) becoming nonvirulent 
C) frequent changing of surface antigens 
D) becoming metabolically inactive 
E) becoming a spore

Question 17

Referring to the figure showing helper T cell function,which statements are true? (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Cytokines are produced in both diagrams. 
B) Antigens play a role in both diagrams. 
C) Naïve cells are involved in diagram I. 
D) The humoral response is represented in diagram II. 
A) Cytokines are produced in both diagrams. 
B) Antigens play a role in both diagrams. 
C) Naïve cells are involved in diagram I. 
D) The humoral response is represented in diagram II.

Question 18

Which part of an antibody determines to which epitope it will bind?

Accepted Answer

A) the two arms of the Y 
B) disulfide chains 
C) the heavy chains 
D) the stem of the Y 
E) the Fc portion 
A) the two arms of the Y 
B) disulfide chains 
C) the heavy chains 
D) the stem of the Y 
E) the Fc portion

Question 19

________ diseases are those abnormal conditions in which the body's defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly,and attack the body's own tissues.

Accepted Answer

A) Septic 
B) Nondiscrete 
C) Autoimmune 
D) Cancerous 
A) Septic 
B) Nondiscrete 
C) Autoimmune 
D) Cancerous

Question 20

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

Accepted Answer

A) IgM 
B) IgG 
C) IgD 
D) IgA 
E) IgE 
A) IgM 
B) IgG 
C) IgD 
D) IgA 
E) IgE

Exam 50: The Immune System

Which statements about the complement system of vertebrates are correct? (Check all that apply.)

A friend tells you the following story."My aunt just received a heart transplant.Her doctors warned us that her body might reject the tissue.I just can't understand how that could happen as human hearts are made of the same tissues,aren't they?" How do you respond?

Which is a treatment for autoimmune disease? I-administration of corticosteroids II-administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs III-aspirin

Which cells produce specific antibodies?

Where are MHC-II cell surface proteins found?

What molecules are released by activated helper T cells?

Which process allows a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes?

What are the source of antibody-producing cells?

Imagine that a Toll-like receptor (TLR)gene has duplicated and mutated,creating a leucine-rich region binding pocket that can now bind to the hemagglutinin protein in the envelope of influenza virus.What do you predict will happen to this novel gene?

Which of the following are part of the inflammatory response? (Check all that apply.)

What are the helper and inducer cells?

A patient with melanoma receives three types of therapy: surgery,radiation,and interferon.Which of these represents something the immune system uses against cancer as well?

What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells?

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

Which mechanism allows certain viral pathogens to evade the vertebrate immune system?

Referring to the figure showing helper T cell function,which statements are true? (Check all that apply.)

Which part of an antibody determines to which epitope it will bind?

________ diseases are those abnormal conditions in which the body's defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly,and attack the body's own tissues.

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

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