Deck 48: The Circulatory System

Question 1

The liquid portion of blood that contains metabolites,wastes,hormones,ions,and a variety of proteins is called the ________.

A)eosinophil
B)lymph
C)edema
D)plasma
E)platelet

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system?

A)It is more difficult to quickly deliver O₂ to specific tissues when needed with an open circulatory system.
B)There is no heart to pump the blood in an open circulatory system.
C)Open circulatory systems lack respiratory pigments that bind to oxygen.
D)Metabolic wastes cannot be removed from tissues in an open circulatory system.
E)Blood cannot be used to transport nutrients in an open circulatory system.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A bone marrow sample from Patient X has abnormally-low numbers of megakaryocytes.What body process would you expect to be impaired in Patient X?

A)transport of oxygen
B)defense against foreign microorganisms
C)blood clotting following injury to a blood vessel
D)temperature regulation by vasoconstriction or vasodilation of superficial blood vessels
E)maintaining normal osmotic balance between the blood and the interstitial fluids

Answer 3

C

Question 4

As compared to the circulatory system of most fishes,the circulatory system of adult amphibians has the advantage of

A)a four-chambered heart.
B)a single circuit.
C)partially-separate circuits for gas exchange and systemic delivery of blood.
D)a pocket of the gut that serves as an air bladder.
E)complete separation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Question 5

Blood is pumped from the heart into the arterial system,which branches from arteries into fine ________.

A)arterioles
B)venules
C)capillaries
D)veins

Question 6

All of the following are functions of the circulatory system EXCEPT

A)oxygen,nutrient,and waste transport.
B)creation of red and white blood cells.
C)blood clotting and immune defense.
D)temperature regulation.
E)hormone transport.

Question 7

Mammalian,bird,and crocodile hearts have four chambers with two separate atria and ventricles to ensure ________ different circuits for blood flow.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)eight

Question 8

Which blood cell type is correctly matched to its function?

A)platelets-hematopoiesis
B)leukocytes-blood clotting
C)erythrocytes-immunity
D)leukocytes-oxygen transport
E)monocytes-defense against microorganisms

Question 9

When you are upright,what is the primary mechanism that propels blood in your feet back to your inferior vena cava?

A)the valves in the leg veins alternating between open and closed
B)contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the leg veins
C)recoil of elastic fibers in the walls of the leg veins
D)contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
E)contraction of skeletal muscles in your legs

Question 10

Jim is suffering from congestive heart failure,in which blood flow is backed up in his lungs and excess fluid is escaping the blood and accumulating in his lung tissue.If untreated,increasing pulmonary edema will lead to death by suffocation.What is the most-likely cause of Jim's congestive heart failure?

A)Contraction of his right atrium is not keeping up with contraction of his left atrium.
B)Jim's pulmonary semilunar valve is not opening properly.
C)Jim's right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)is not closing properly.
D)Jim's SA node is malfunctioning.
E)Contraction of his left ventricle is not keeping up with contraction of his right ventricle.

Question 11

The benefit provided by all hearts with two atria is

A)complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
B)that blood is pumped into body tissues at high pressure.
C)there is an extra place to store blood when the animal is at rest.
D)not all the blood has to pass through both sides of the heart.
E)that there are two muscular regions for pumping blood out of the heart to different organs.

Question 12

Leukocytes (white blood cells)account for about ________ of the cells in human blood.

A)0)1%
B)1%
C)10%
D)60%

Question 13

The graph below can be used to understand the forces underlying the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid.What is a true statement concerning these processes?

A)Sodium ions contribute significantly to the movement of fluid in region B.
B)In people suffering from severe liver disease or protein starvation,the fluid flow in region B is increased.
C)Edema results from reduction of fluid flow in region A.
D)Fluid leaves the blood in region A and returns to the blood in region B.
E)Normally,the net amount of fluid flow in region A is less than the net amount of fluid flow in region B.

Question 14

You are taking a lab practical exam.One station has a microscope slide of a cross section through an artery and vein.Which vessel is the artery?

A)the vessel with the wider lumen (e.g.,interior space that contains the blood)
B)the vessel with more muscle tissue and elastic fibers in its wall
C)the vessel lined only with endothelium
D)the vessel with valves to prevent backflow
E)the vessel with a greater overall diameter

Question 15

Exchange of gases and metabolites between the blood and tissues occurs in the

A)arteries.
B)arterioles.
C)capillaries.
D)venules.
E)veins.

Question 16

What would be the physiological effect of an increase in the venous return to the heart?

A)decreased cardiac output
B)increased secretion of ADH (vasopressin)
C)increased stroke volume
D)decreased secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone
E)increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart

Question 17

In birds and mammals,a vestige of the sinus venosus of the fish heart remains as the sinoatrial node,which serves as a(n)

A)diastole detector.
B)baroreceptor.
C)site of erythropoiesis.
D)inhibitory node.
E)pacemaker.

Question 18

Changes in the arterial blood pressure are detected by ________ located in the walls of the carotid artery and the arch of the aorta.

A)baroreceptors
B)pacemakers
C)Purkinje fibers
D)bundle branches
E)osmoreceptors

Question 19

A higher protein concentration within the distal portion of capillaries draws water into them through the process of

A)active transport.
B)facilitated diffusion.
C)diffusion.
D)filtration.
E)osmosis.

Question 20

Which of the following solutes is NOT normally found in the plasma?

A)metabolites,wastes,and hormones
B)ions
C)albumin
D)hemoglobin
E)globulins

Question 21

Scientists believe that the heart of the common (chordate)ancestor of all vertebrates

A)was little more than a heavily-muscled region of the ventral artery.
B)had two chambers.
C)had three chambers.
D)had four chambers.
E)consisted of a single ventricle.

Question 22

What class of sensory receptors directly affects the activity of the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata?

A)sensory cells in the juxtaglomerular apparati of the kidneys
B)osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
C)baroreceptors in the arch of the aorta and in the carotid arteries
D)blood pH chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies
E)blood glucose sensors in the pancreas

Question 23

The cells that normally lack a nucleus and have a relatively short life span in humans are

A)neutrophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)basophils.
D)erythrocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 24

The left ventricle in mammals is more muscular than the right ventricle because

A)the right ventricle only pumps blood into the right atrium.
B)the left ventricle pumps more total blood than the right ventricle.
C)the left ventricle pumps blood with a higher hematocrit than the blood that leaves the right ventricle.
D)the left ventricle has to pump blood throughout the body at high pressure.
E)the left ventricle is always contracting to maintain a systemic blood pressure.

Question 25

When submerged,frogs receive most of their O₂ from capillaries within the skin.What structure would contain blood with the highest O₂ concentration in a submerged frog,which is not able to breathe using its lungs?

A)left atrium
B)right atrium
C)aorta
D)ventricle
E)pulmonary vein

Question 26

What would happen if your SA node and AV node fired at same time?

A)The QRS wave on an ECG would disappear,as it would be masked by the P wave.
B)Your stroke volume would decrease.
C)Blood would be forced back into the atria from the ventricles.
D)Your blood pressure would increase.
E)The production of nitric oxide by your endothelial cells would increase.

Question 27

What is true about the lymphatic system?

A)Fluid moves through the lymphatic system under high pressure.
B)It collects fluid that seeps into the tissues and returns it to the blood.
C)It is bidirectional.
D)It exhibits peristaltic contractions.
E)It carries all absorbed materials from the stomach and intestines to the liver.

Question 28

When lungs evolved in vertebrates,the evolution of _____ also occurred in the circulation of blood within those vertebrates.

A)double circulation
B)red blood cells
C)a lymphatic system
D)a muscular heart
E)more plasma

Question 29

Under what circumstance would your body experience an increase in erythropoietin secretion?

A)if you just moved from New York City to start training for a marathon in the 'Mile-High' city of Denver,Colorado
B)if your hematocrit is elevated above normal levels
C)if you are suffering from dehydration
D)after drinking 5 liters of water in just 2 hours
E)if you are suffering from hypertension

Question 30

Edema is a result of increased interstitial fluid in various tissues of the body.All of the following are causes of edema EXCEPT

A)pregnancy.
B)liver disease.
C)injury to a limb.
D)protein malnutrition.
E)abnormally low blood pressure.

Question 31

What animal group is mismatched with its circulation system type (open or closed)?

A)oyster-open
B)cricket-closed
C)earthworm-closed
D)lobster-open
E)killer whale-closed

Question 32

One mechanism that some animals use to limit heat loss in cold environments is

A)vasodilation of the near surface blood vessels.
B)vasodilation of below surface blood vessels.
C)vasoconstriction of the precapillary sphincters in the skin.
D)vasoconstriction of veins.
E)increasing cardiac output.

Question 33

Which secreted molecule is LEAST likely to effect a significant change in blood pressure?

A)antidiuretic hormone
B)aldosterone
C)atrial natriuretic hormone
D)high-density lipoprotein
E)nitric oxide

Question 34

Elephantiasis is an infectious disease in which blockage of the circulatory system by microscopic,parasitic roundworms results in a dramatic swelling of the tissues in the lower half of the body.What region is most likely blocked by these small,thread-like worms?

A)the left atrium of the heart
B)a pulmonary artery
C)lymphatic vessels and/or lymph nodes
D)a carotid artery
E)the superior vena cava

Question 35

The blood pressure in your brachial artery is at its lowest during

A)exercise.
B)the time the aorta is maximally stretched.
C)the systolic period.
D)the diastolic period.
E)ventricular contraction.

Question 36

The greatest metabolic advantage of a fish's two-chambered heart is

A)its ability to pump blood under high pressure to all areas of the fish's body.
B)its ability to pump blood to the gills for gas exchange before the blood is pumped to the remaining areas of the body.
C)its ability to stay full of blood even as it is emptying into the conus arteriosus.
D)its ability to keep oxygen-rich blood in one chamber separate from oxygen-poor blood in the other chamber.
E)its ability to maintain a constant blood pressure in the fish.

Question 37

What is true about about mammalian red blood cells?

A)Red blood cells are also called leukocytes.
B)A mature red blood cell is shaped like a biconcave disc because it has no nucleus.
C)Red blood cells contain albumin.
D)Red blood cells develop from lymphoid stem cells.
E)Aged red blood cells are removed from the blood by the kidneys.

Question 38

Refer to the diagram below. What is the correct order of structures in the electrical excitation pathway that generates a normal heartbeat?

A)1,2,3,4,5,6
B)1,5,4,2,3,6
C)6,3,2,4,5,1
D)3,6,2,4,1,5
E)3,2,6,4,5,1

Question 39

Refer to the diagram below of the mammalian circulatory system. If blood is going from the lungs to space 3,what is the name of space 3?

A)left ventricle
B)left atrium
C)right ventricle
D)right atrium
E)pulmonary vein

Question 40

In the blood clotting cascade mechanism,which specific enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

A)albumin
B)renin
C)catalase
D)angiotensin
E)thrombin

Question 41

What factor most limits a person's maximal increase in cardiac output during exercise?

A)the time available to fill the heart chambers with blood as the heart rate increases
B)the time it takes for electrical impulses to reach all parts of the heart
C)the rate at which cardiac muscle contracts
D)the rate at which oxygen is delivered to the cardiac muscle cells
E)the total amount of blood in an individual

Question 42

Animals with closed circulatory systems are more successful than animals with open circulatory systems.

Question 43

Stimulating the vagus nerve would cause

A)blood pressure to rise.
B)blood volume to increase.
C)heart rate to decrease.
D)increased firing of the SA and AV nodes
E)a release of epinephrine.

Question 44

The P wave of the ECG represents

A)the contraction of the atria.
B)the relaxation of the atria.
C)the depolarization of the atria.
D)the repolarization of the atria.
E)the contraction of the ventricle.

Question 45

A nurse takes your blood pressure during your annual examination,and she enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart.These numbers mean that the

A)pressure in your brachial artery during ventricular contraction is 115,while the pressure during ventricular relaxation is 70.
B)pressure in your brachial artery during ventricular contraction is 115 while the pressure during atrial contraction is 70.
C)nurse heard sounds through the stethoscope only when the pressure in your brachial artery was exactly 115 and again when it was exactly 70.
D)pressure in the ventricles of the heart is 115 when the ventricles are contracting and 70 when the ventricles are relaxing.
E)diastolic pressure is 115 and the systolic pressure is 70.

Question 46

What type of mollusk has a closed circulatory system?

A)clam
B)slug
C)snail
D)squid
E)scallop

Question 47

In a vertebrate with a four-chambered heart,the structure(s)containing blood with the highest O₂ concentration is/are the ________.

A)pulmonary arteries
B)pulmonary veins
C)right atrium
D)inferior vena cava
E)right ventricle

Question 48

Myeloid stem cells give rise to all formed elements in the blood EXCEPT

A)erythrocytes.
B)lymphocytes.
C)platelets.
D)monocytes.
E)basophils.

Question 49

The depolarization of the heart is initiated by the

A)left and right bundle branches.
B)sinoatrial node.
C)atrioventricular node.
D)Purkinje fibers.
E)bundle of HIS.

Question 50

You are taking a lab practical exam,and one station has pins in various internal structures of a bisected mammalian heart.You can orient yourself without picking up and examining the exterior of the heart because

A)the width of the external wall of the right ventricle is thicker than all the other chamber walls.
B)the width of the external wall of the left atrium is thicker than all the other chamber walls.
C)the width of the external wall of the left ventricle is thicker than all the other chamber walls.
D)the width of the external wall of the right atrium is thicker than all the other chamber walls.
E)the ascending aorta exits from the right ventricle.

Question 51

Which animal is likely to have the circulatory pattern shown in the figure?

A)frog
B)crocodile
C)bird
D)mammal
E)fish

Question 52

The loudest sounds a nurse hears while listening to a patient's heart through a stethoscope are caused by

A)contraction of the ventricles.
B)contraction of the atria.
C)closing of the AV valves.
D)opening of the semilunar valves.
E)depolarization of the ventricles.

Question 53

A friend asks you to explain the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.You say,"Well

A)atherosclerosis is a condition that results from too much calcium being deposited in the arteries,while arteriosclerosis results from the accumulation of cholesterol deposits in the arteries."
B)atherosclerosis is a condition that results from having angina pectoris occurring in the arteries of the heart,while arteriosclerosis results from the accumulation of cholesterol deposits in the arteries."
C)atherosclerosis is a condition that results from too much calcium being deposited in the arteries,while arteriosclerosis results from having angina pectoris occurring in the arteries of the heart."
D)atherosclerosis is a condition that results from the accumulation of cholesterol deposits in the arteries,while arteriosclerosis results from too much calcium being deposited in the arteries."
E)atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are nearly the same and usually occur after a stroke."