Deck 9: Life-Span Development

Question 1

A developing child is most likely to be severely affected if the mother contracts rubella ________.

A) during the middle three months of the pregnancy
B) at any point during the pregnancy
C) during the first three months of the pregnancy
D) during the last three months of the pregnancy

Answer 1

during the first three months of the pregnancy

Question 2

A problem with longitudinal studies is that they ________.

A) don't distinguish age differences from differences that arise from improved assessment or measurement tools
B) don't distinguish age differences from cohort differences
C) don't track long-term changes among individuals in the study
D) are less trustworthy than either biographical or longitudinal studies

Answer 2

don't distinguish age differences from differences that arise from improved assessment or measurement tools

Question 3

The term used by psychologists to describe the characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation in the newborn child and young infant is ________.

A) maturity
B) development
C) cognitive capacity
D) temperament

Answer 3

temperament

Question 4

From the second month after conception until birth, the developing organism is known as a(n) ________.

A) fetus
B) placenta
C) neonate
D) embryo

Question 5

A group of people born during the same period in historical time is a(n) ________.

A) cohort
B) peer group
C) developmental group
D) age group

Question 6

Which of the following is a true statement?

A) Toxic agents that a pregnant woman eats, drinks, or inhales are capable of being transmitted through the placenta.
B) While some substances are allowed to pass through the placenta, viral sized particles, such as the AIDS virus, are effectively blocked.
C) The mother's and the unborn child's blood intermingles in the placenta.
D) The placenta allows only nutritional substances to enter and only waste substances to leave the fetal blood supply.

Question 7

A condition characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments, is called ________ spectrum disorder.

A) Korsakoff's
B) Turner's
C) fetal alcohol
D) Klinefelter's

Question 8

It has been reported that average scores on national exams, such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), have declined in recent years. Researchers interested in exploring this intensively interview students who have just taken the exam, those who will take it next year, and those who took it five years ago. This method is ________.

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) biographical
D) cross-sectional

Question 9

The period of development from conception to birth is called the ________ period.

A) prenatal
B) postnatal
C) neonate
D) natal

Question 10

The reflex that causes a newborn to turn its head toward something touching its cheek and grope around with its mouth is the ________ reflex.

A) sucking
B) rooting
C) comfort contact
D) grasping

Question 11

Greta is a heavy drinker. While her newborn baby could be quite healthy, it could also have several health problems related to her drinking. If her baby has health problems, it is most likely to ________.

A) be blind
B) be born prematurely
C) be deaf
D) have cognitive impairments

Question 12

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older. This psychologist is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

A) personality
B) developmental
C) health
D) evolutionary

Question 13

A researcher decides to study cognitive changes in children by simultaneously studying groups of 3-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and 12-year-olds. This researcher is conducting a ________ study.

A) cross-sectional
B) strain
C) biographical
D) longitudinal

Question 14

A research study finds that 40-year-olds are better able to solve math problems than 80-year-olds. It is suspected that the differences in problem-solving ability result from the fact that 80-year-olds had fewer opportunities to study math and did not have access to calculators or computers. If true, the study has revealed ________.

A) experimenter bias
B) a placebo effect
C) confirmation bias
D) cohort differences

Question 15

A newborn baby is called a ________.

A) fetus
B) zygote
C) bionate
D) neonate

Question 16

The embryo stage ends ________ after conception.

A) two months
B) four months
C) two weeks
D) three months

Question 17

A method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing subjects' pasts, through interviews and investigating the effects of events that occurred in the past on current behaviors is called a ________ study.

A) cross-sectional
B) naturalistic observation
C) longitudinal
D) bibliographical

Question 18

Matteo was born in 1953 and grew up in the relative affluence of 1950s "baby boom" America. Antonio was born in 1986 and is a part of the "millennial" generation, finding it more difficult to get a job after college with full time employment, as he graduated during the 2008 recession. To the extent that their ideas about life are tied to their time and culture of birth, the differences that exist between Matteo and Antonio's attitudes and values can be largely attributed to ________ differences.

A) age
B) reference group
C) idiosyncratic
D) cohort

Question 19

The major problem with biographical studies is that they ________.

A) don't track long-term changes among individuals in the study
B) don't distinguish age differences from cohort differences
C) are less trustworthy than either cross-sectional or longitudinal studies
D) take longer to run than longitudinal studies

Question 20

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is, by definition, using the ________ method.

A) biographical study
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) correlational

Question 21

The acquisition of skills involving movement, such as grasping, crawling, and walking is known as ________ development.

A) cognitive
B) motor
C) physical
D) coordinative

Question 22

During the first two years of life, the number of interconnections between neurons ________.

A) decreases slightly
B) increases slightly
C) decreases dramatically
D) increases dramatically

Question 23

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ________ development.

A) language
B) perceptual
C) cognitive
D) motor

Question 24

It takes about ________ for a baby's visual system to fully develop.

A) 3 to 4 years
B) 1 to 2 years
C) 1 to 2 months
D) 3 to 4 months

Question 25

Research evidence currently supports the notion that infants begin to develop depth perception at about ________ months of age.

A) four
B) eight
C) two
D) six

Question 26

Jamarcus is an inactive, withdrawn child who reacts very cautiously and deliberately to the world around him. Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ________.

A) difficult
B) laid back
C) easy
D) slow to warm up

Question 27

Marianne's baby is sitting up, crawling around, and beginning to stand with a little help. Her baby is most likely to be about ________ months of age.

A) 6
B) 9
C) 12
D) 7

Question 28

Games like "Peek-a-Boo" and "Hide and Seek" are especially worthwhile activities for babies because they help them develop a sense of ________.

A) object permanence
B) visual discrimination
C) perceptual set
D) depth perception

Question 29

Which of the following statements regarding newborns is true?

A) Newborns have no preference regarding smells.
B) Newborns prefer sweet flavors.
C) Newborns prefer salty flavors.
D) Newborns have no preference regarding tastes.

Question 30

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational, formal-operational, sensorimotor, concrete-operational
B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete-operational, formal-operational
C) preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational, sensorimotor
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete-operational, formal-operational

Question 31

Studies of children's growth over their first 21 months have found that most children show no growth ________ percent of the time.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 90
D) 70

Question 32

Tinka is a rambunctious and unruly child who is moody and intense. She often throws temper tantrums, adapts poorly to change, and has powerful, negative reactions to new people and new situations. Thomas and Chess would say her temperament is ________.

A) easy
B) active
C) slow to warm up
D) difficult

Question 33

Human babies are born with their eyes ________.

A) open, but nonfunctional
B) not open and nonfunctioning
C) open and functioning
D) not open, but functional

Question 34

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual develops the ability to form mental representations, is the ________ stage.

A) formal-operational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete-operational
D) preoperational

Question 35

On average, by the first birthday, the average baby's weight has ________.

A) quadrupled
B) increased by 50 percent
C) doubled
D) tripled

Question 36

The head completes virtually all of its growth by age ________.

A) 20
B) 5
C) 15
D) 10

Question 37

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that prenatal factors ________.

A) have no effect on the temperament of the baby
B) play a significant role in the development of the baby's temperament
C) play a moderate role in the later development of adolescent temperament
D) are thought to be unimportant, so have never been a central focus of study

Question 38

Infants are particularly adept at differentiating ________ sounds.

A) musical
B) speech
C) potentially dangerous
D) animal

Question 39

How many of the 6 to 14-month-old infants tested by Walk and Gibson refused to crawl over the deep side of the visual cliff to their mothers?

A) 25% of them
B) none of them
C) all of them
D) 75% of them

Question 40

Tevin is a good-natured baby. When his mother is out of the room, he appears secure in spending time with other family members. He is easy to care for, and easy to please, rarely crying. Thomas and Chess would say that this is a(n) ________ child.

A) difficult
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) shy
D) easy

Question 41

An infant looks at her bottle and utters a sound with a rising pitch, or inflection. Her mother realizes she is asking if she can have the bottle because of the ________ in the infant's voice.

A) relativity
B) intonation
C) babbling
D) cooing

Question 42

Mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event, are called ________.

A) archetypes
B) emblems
C) eidetic images
D) mental representations

Question 43

Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of ________ development.

A) emotional
B) social
C) cognitive
D) moral

Question 44

Morality based on concepts such as duty and social order, as well as putting oneself in the other person's shoes, develops at the ________ level of moral thinking.

A) conventional
B) postconventional
C) preconventional
D) precognitive

Question 45

Infants begin to babble at about ________ month(s) of age.

A) eight
B) four
C) one
D) two

Question 46

A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ________.

A) telegraphic speech
B) holophrasing
C) cooing
D) babbling

Question 47

Babies are able to recognize their own reflection in a mirror as themselves, as opposed to some other child, between the ages of ________ months.

A) 18 to 21
B) 12 to 15
C) 21 to 24
D) 15 to 18

Question 48

According to Piaget, children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the ________ stage.

A) concrete-operational
B) preoperational
C) sensory-motor
D) formal-operational

Question 49

Robin cleans her room every week on Friday. She does this because if she keeps a clean room, her father gives her $5 for her allowance. Robin is likely at which stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg?

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) moral realism
D) postconventional

Question 50

A 3-year-old child says to her mommy, "I goed and watched the mouses at the pet store." This is an example of ________.

A) overregularization
B) holophrasing
C) abbreviated speech
D) telegraphic speech

Question 51

Jeff's parents are thrilled because he has just said his first word: "Dada." He is most likely about ________ months of age.

A) 18
B) 15
C) 12
D) 9

Question 52

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some. Taking the glass of milk, she poured it all into a smaller cup and said, "There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child, if he had not been in the ________ stage.

A) concrete-operational
B) formal-operational
C) preconventional
D) preoperational

Question 53

Nevin is four years old and has an uncle who is twenty-five. When his mom takes Nevin shopping to find a Christmas present for his uncle, he wants to get him a toy firetruck. This is an example of ________.

A) conservation
B) ethnocentrism
C) egocentrism
D) anthropomorphism

Question 54

Research on moral development in boys and girls has found that boys tend to base their moral judgments on ________.

A) the abstract concept of "justice"
B) the idea of "getting away with it" without being punished
C) caring about other people
D) power and force

Question 55

Erik Erikson called the stage in which infants learn that mother and other primary caregivers can be counted on to be there when needed ________.

A) basic trust vs. mistrust
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) intimacy vs. isolation
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 56

A hypothetical internal mechanism for processing speech that is wired into all humans is referred to as a ________.

A) language acquisition device
B) holophrastic speech generator
C) universal translator
D) voice box

Question 57

Conflicts over what is moral and what is legal are likely to first occur during the ________ level of moral thinking.

A) preconventional
B) precognitive
C) postconventional
D) conventional

Question 58

The concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance is known as ________.

A) reactivity
B) synergy
C) conservation
D) object permanence

Question 59

The emotional bond formed during the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caretakers is called ________.

A) imprinting
B) socialization
C) attachment
D) intimacy

Question 60

The emergence of fantasy play and the use of symbolic gestures are hallmarks of the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) concrete-operational
B) formal-operational
C) sensory-motor
D) preoperational

Question 61

Hundreds of case histories collected by researchers indicate that the first stirrings of sexual interest begin in the ________.

A) second or third grade
B) eighth or ninth grade
C) sixth or seventh grade
D) fourth or fifth grade

Question 62

The period of intense self-examination and decision making that is part of the process of identity formation is called ________.

A) role convergence
B) self-actualization
C) identity diffusion
D) an identity crisis

Question 63

Rameak believes that his son should play football when he grows up, and be the provider for the household. He told his son on one occasion that it was inappropriate for him to play with his sister's dolls. Rameak's desires for his son are probably due in part to his knowledge of ________.

A) gender constancy
B) gender identity
C) multicultural approaches
D) gender-role awareness

Question 64

Stanley Hall saw adolescence as a period characterized by ________.

A) a few "bumps in the road," but otherwise being relatively calm
B) a period of severe "storm and stress," fraught with passion and rebellion
C) casual relationships and an easy transition from childhood to adulthood
D) a period of intense, but controlled, personal growth and exploration

Question 65

Research shows that children who are placed in quality day care are ________.

A) more likely to develop behavior problems and problems with self-esteem only if they are placed in day care after the age of two
B) no more likely to develop behavior problems or problems with self-esteem
C) more likely to develop behavior problems and problems with self-esteem only if they are placed in day care in the first few months of life
D) more likely to develop behavior problems and problems with self-esteem

Question 66

Knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender is called ________.

A) gender awareness
B) gender identity
C) gender constancy
D) gender-role awareness

Question 67

In order to make the transition from dependence on parents to dependence upon one's self, the adolescent must develop a stable sense of ________.

A) acceptance
B) control
C) status
D) identity

Question 68

Dean roughhouses with his friends, and is noisy in class. He believes that is how a boy is supposed to act. His behavior is an example of ________.

A) innate behavior patterns
B) sex-typed behavior
C) cross-typed behavior
D) gender identity confusion

Question 69

Children who grow up in the same home with the same parents still have very different day-to-day human relationships in different school and after-school settings. These broader situational factors are called the ________.

A) social ecosystem
B) personal ecosystem
C) non-shared environment
D) shared environment

Question 70

When a child begins to leave his mother voluntarily, he is expressing a desire for ________.

A) discipline
B) privacy
C) autonomy
D) attention

Question 71

Bethany is 6 years old and in first grade. According to Erikson, her main task is to develop a sense of ________.

A) autonomy
B) generativity
C) trust
D) industry

Question 72

The country with the highest teen birth rate in the industrialized world is ________.

A) the United States
B) the Netherlands
C) France
D) Sweden

Question 73

Petra is 14 and in adolescence. Erikson believes her main task is to develop a sense of ________.

A) initiative
B) identity
C) trust
D) autonomy

Question 74

Morgan is 18 years old. She has set aside the problem of developing an identity while she continues to explore various alternatives and choices. She best fits the description of ________.

A) identity foreclosure
B) identity diffuser
C) identity achiever
D) identity moratorium

Question 75

General beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have are referred to as ________.

A) gender stereotypes
B) gender-role awareness
C) sex-typed behavior
D) gender identity

Question 76

The most important development of adolescence is the ________.

A) changes in emotional awareness
B) development of the capacity to reproduce
C) acceptance of adult responsibilities
D) awakening of adult intelligence

Question 77

A network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support to each other is known as a ________.

A) peer group
B) cohort
C) crowd
D) support system

Question 78

The process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family, friends, and culture is called ________.

A) attachment
B) autonomy
C) imprinting
D) socialization

Question 79

The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to ________.

A) extroverted behavior
B) thinking in terms of concrete things
C) a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought
D) overconfidence and egocentrism

Question 80

When young adolescents are asked what they most dislike about themselves, ________ is mentioned more than anything else.

A) emotional immaturity
B) their social status
C) physical appearance
D) lack of confidence