Deck 13: Assessment of Classroom Learning

Question 1

Which of the following did not focus on single-subject methodology?

A) Skinner
B) Fisher
C) Ebbinghaus
D) Wundt

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following applies to single-subject designs?

A) The ability to control variables is critical in establishing a relation between the independent and dependent variables.
B) The designs rely on probability theory and inferential statistics.
C) Individual differences become error variance.
D) Sampling procedures are emphasized.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

From a historical view, single-subject designs have been used to study:

A) the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
B) the effectiveness of medical treatments.
C) psychophysics.
D) associations between variables.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following would be most suitable for a one-shot case study?

A) a person who experiences a phantom limb
B) a person who is the first to undergo a radical new surgery
C) a dog that seems to be abnormally intelligent
D) none of these

Question 5

The design in which a single individual's behavior is observed after a single treatment is called a(n):

A) one-shot case study
B) naturalistic case study
C) experimental single-subject design
D) pretest-posttest design

Question 6

Which of the following seems most appropriate for a case study?

A) testing a new drug
B) understanding a person born with two brains
C) determining if stress and police work are somehow related
D) all of these

Question 7

____ conducted famous single-subject study on memory using nonsense syllables:

A) Skinner
B) Fisher
C) Ebbinghaus
D) Wundt

Question 8

Are group designs or single-subject designs better?

A) It depends on what specific group or single-subject design is being used.
B) Group designs are better.
C) It depends on the questions being asked.
D) Single-subject designs are better.

Question 9

The research methods of psychology have been largely borrowed from:

A) philosophy.
B) Asian philosophy.
C) economics.
D) physical sciences.

Question 10

The technique of compiling a description of an individual's problematic behavior that brings together relevant aspects of the person's history and present situation is called a(n):

A) multiple time series design.
B) case study.
C) experimental single-subject design.
D) pretest-posttest design.

Question 11

What makes a single-subject design a "single subject?"

A) Only one subject is studied.
B) One dependent variable is collected.
C) Individual participants' data are not averaged with other participants' data but remain separate.
D) Data are aggregated within the same type of subjects.

Question 12

Unlike other designs, single-subject designs:

A) do not average the individual's data with the data of other subjects.
B) use random sampling.
C) use random assignment.
D) are not concerned with internal or external validity.

Question 13

Meehl's criticism of research methods and in particular, statistical testing is whether:

A) internal validity can ever be attained.
B) external validity is important.
C) p<.05 is meaningful.
D) statistical differences between groups advance the science of psychology.

Question 14

Information that makes up a case study tends to come from:

A) tests that measure unconscious functioning.
B) Pearson's r correlation coefficient.
C) the manipulation of the independent variable.
D) a variety of sources.

Question 15

One advantage in conducting case studies is that:

A) confounding variables are controlled.
B) an individual is described in their own actual context.
C) there is less chance of selective forgetting.
D) there is no need to be concerned about internal or external validity.

Question 16

The examples of Anna O., Zasetsky, and phantom limb pain illustrate the use of:

A) naturalistic case studies.
B) correlational studies.
C) quasi-experimental studies.
D) between-subjects design.

Question 17

Name the following design:

A) one-shot case study
B) matched subjects procedure
C) time series design
D) reversal design

Question 18

The main purpose of single-subject research is:

A) descriptive.
B) experimental.
C) assessment of behavior with limited time.
D) either descriptive or experimental.

Question 19

The case study is useful for:

A) studying rare phenomena.
B) suggesting new hypotheses.
C) studying brain damage.
D) all of these

Question 20

What role did Fisher's statistical work play in the use of single-subject designs following the Fisher process?

A) Individual differences were ignored and averaged out.
B) Individual differences were analyzed since they represented important variation.
C) He advocated the use of single-subject designs.
D) He developed special statistical procedures.

Question 21

If you are interested in comparing the pattern of data in one subject to another subject in experimental single-subject designs, you are using ____.

A) baseline replication
B) experimental replication
C) intrasubject replication
D) intersubject replication

Question 22

Multiple baselines can be used:

A) only when behavior reverses.
B) only when change is not permanent.
C) when behavior is permanently changed.
D) only when there are no carryover effects.

Question 23

In an ABA design, B usually represents:

A) treatment.
B) baseline.
C) control group.
D) experimental group.

Question 24

In an ABA design, A usually represents:

A) treatment.
B) baseline.
C) control group.
D) experimental group.

Question 25

To eliminate alternative hypotheses in experimental single-subject designs, ____ can be used.

A) random assignment
B) one-shot case cases
C) a time series approach
D) a nonequivalent before-after design

Question 26

The case of H.M. illustrates the ____ design used in a retrospective way.

A) time series design
B) matched subjects procedure
C) one-shot case study
D) reversal design

Question 27

Name the following design that uses a single subject:

A) ABAB multiple-baseline design
B) ABAB multielement design
C) ABAB single-subject reversal design
D) ABAB one-shot design

Question 28

Experimental single-subject designs:

A) do not manipulate an independent variable.
B) measure behavior after a single treatment.
C) examine a series of measurements over time.
D) cannot be replicated.

Question 29

A requirement of reversal designs is that:

A) behavior must reverse.
B) the baseline must reverse.
C) behavior need not reverse if the baseline is stable.
D) dependent measures must be uncorrelated.

Question 30

The logic of the multiple baseline design requires that behavior(s) being treated:

A) return to baseline when treatment is removed.
B) be interrelated.
C) do not change permanently.
D) be independent of each other.

Question 31

In experimental single-subject designs:

A) causal relations between variables cannot be inferred.
B) establishing a baseline is necessary.
C) an independent variable is not manipulated.
D) there is no way to assess reliability.

Question 32

One disadvantage to the case study design is:

A) we can only use one subject.
B) internal validity is significantly threatened.
C) it tends to discourage the later use of more rigorous experimental methods.
D) we cannot make strong inferences.

Question 33

Reversal designs may use ____ of reversals.

A) two type
B) three types
C) four types
D) any number

Question 34

A reversal design involves shifting from:

A) independent variable to dependent variable.
B) one baseline to another baseline.
C) baseline to treatment.
D) one dependent variable to another dependent variable.

Question 35

If the case study is narrative and summarizes the subject's behavior following treatment, then it is considered to be a(n):

A) time series design.
B) matched subjects procedure.
C) one-shot case study.
D) reversal design.

Question 36

____ determines if the data from each participant replicates the same pattern as the data of other participants.

A) Baseline replication
B) Experimental replication
C) Intrasubject replication
D) Intersubject replication

Question 37

In the multiple baseline design:

A) treatment is applied to several behaviors at exactly the same time.
B) several independent variables are manipulated.
C) several behaviors are measured.
D) measures are taken of one behavior at a time.

Question 38

To investigate long-lasting effects of an independent variable with a single individual, you should use a:

A) reversal design.
B) multiple baseline design.
C) multielement design.
D) naturalistic design.

Question 39

In single-subject research, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable can be assessed through:

A) intrasubject replication.
B) multiple dependent variables.
C) statistical procedures.
D) averaging results from many subjects.

Question 40

A multielement design:

A) may be similar to the ABAB reversal design.
B) includes many reversals, which may be fast paced.
C) is best suited to effects that are short-lived.
D) all of these

Question 41

Describe several examples of psychology's use of experimental approaches from the natural sciences.

Question 42

What is the underlying assumption of single-subject designs? How do they differ from other experimental designs?

Question 43

What are some of the limitations of the case study method?

Question 44

In single-subject designs, the researcher must:

A) use the .05 probability level.
B) use the .001 probability level.
C) determine the meaning of the pattern observed.
D) randomly assign subjects to groups.

Question 45

Discuss a limitation of the reversal design.

Question 46

Describe some instances when a one-shot case study design would be an appropriate method to use.

Question 47

What are the advantages of the multielement design?

Question 48

After you have conducted a single-subject experiment, one of the first steps you should take in making a decision concerning what you have found is:

A) to present the data visually in a graphic form.
B) conduct a correlation analysis.
C) use inferential statistical procedures.
D) replicate the single-subject experiment.

Question 49

Which tool is most valuable in determining if a particular pattern of single-subject results that you collected is meaningful?

A) replication
B) logic
C) hypothetical testing
D) inferential statistical procedures

Question 50

In multielement designs, potentially confounding variables are:

A) carryover effects.
B) selection effects.
C) both carryover and selection effects.
D) selection-maturation interaction effects.

Question 51

Expand the statement made by Kazdin that the single-subject designs may also be used with a large number of subjects.

Question 52

Describe the reversal design. What is the logic by which a relation between the independent and dependent variables is established in this type of design?

Question 53

One might think of the single-subject design as an extreme form of the within-subjects design. Using a reversal procedure as an example, illustrate how the advantages and disadvantages of the within-subjects design apply similarly to the single-subject situation.

Question 54

Our confidence in the results of a single-subject design increase when ____ is (are) employed.

A) replication
B) strict .05 probability level
C) hypothetical testing
D) inferential statistical procedures

Question 55

The primary tool for making sense of data from single-subject designs is:

A) logic.
B) correlation coefficient.
C) t-test.
D) descriptive statistics.

Question 56

Under what conditions would you adopt a case study approach?

Question 57

Describe the difference between intrasubject replication and intersubject replication. How do these two indicate changes over time within an individual?

Question 58

Describe the multiple baseline design. What advantage does this design have over reversal design? Discuss how this design makes confounds such as history or maturation logically implausible.

Question 59

Multielement designs are best suited when the changes in behavior are:

A) relatively enduring.
B) short-lived.
C) due to biological factors.
D) highly variable.