Deck 4: Understanding Student Differences

Question 1

In order to satisfy ethics, the first task of the scientist is to:

A) get informed consent from participants.
B) debrief participants.
C) debrief other scientists.
D) justify deception to potential participants.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

From an ethical perspective, the participant-scientist interaction is:

A) likely to lead to submission on the part of the participant.
B) a relationship between an ordinate and subordinate.
C) void of any ethical considerations.
D) just like an interaction between two people.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Applying ethics becomes problematic when considering:

A) concrete situations like the scientific experiment.
B) theory.
C) abstractions.
D) hypotheses.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The ____ is a code of ethics for medical experimentation with human subjects developed after WWII.

A) Milgram protocol
B) Nuremberg code
C) American Medical Association convention
D) Genovese protocol

Question 5

Ethics in psychological experimentation is concerned with judgments of:

A) relevance.
B) validity.
C) belief.
D) value.

Question 6

According to the chapter, experiments conducted at Nazi concentration camps were unethical because:

A) deadly viruses were given to participants.
B) they lacked appropriate control conditions.
C) no consent was given by participants.
D) of the controversial results.

Question 7

The principle of voluntary participation gives a subject the right to:

A) assign themselves to either control or experimental groups.
B) gain extra credit if a college student.
C) leave an experiment without penalty.
D) find out about the results of the study.

Question 8

Ethical considerations take into account:

A) the rights of the research participant.
B) the rights of the experimenter.
C) the responsibilities of the experimenter.
D) all of these

Question 9

Who has the primary responsibility for ensuring the ethical treatment of participants in the experimental setting?

A) the American Psychological Association
B) the researcher
C) the Human Subjects' Committee
D) the Institutional Review Board

Question 10

The US Department of Energy found that in 40 years of studies on the effects of radiation, ____ did not occur.

A) debriefing
B) operational definitions of variables
C) voluntary participation
D) random assignment

Question 11

The question of ethics requires science to:

A) develop reliable observations.
B) test theories.
C) look beyond itself.
D) ignore the rights of the subject for the sake of knowledge.

Question 12

If a researcher is telling her subjects about the potential risk of participating in a study, she is illustrating the principle of:

A) voluntary participation.
B) informed consent.
C) debriefing.
D) interrater reliability.

Question 13

The core of ethical principles in research is that:

A) a scientist is autonomous and can make value judgments without interference from outside sources.
B) the participant's rights are always more important than the scientist's right to know.
C) participants should not be harmed.
D) the scientist's right to know are always more important than the participant's rights.

Question 14

When judging potential "harm," a researcher should consider:

A) physical harm.
B) psychological harm.
C) harm to the usefulness of the experimental results.
D) physical harm and psychological harm.

Question 15

The basic premise of ethical considerations in psychological experimentation is:

A) not to break the law.
B) seek knowledge that improves the quality of life.
C) not to harm the subject.
D) adequately test the hypothesis.

Question 16

Naturalistic observation studies on human behavior that is generally considered "private" is unethical because ____ is (are) not obtained.

A) voluntary participation.
B) informed consent.
C) reliable data.
D) both voluntary participation and informed consent

Question 17

According to the chapter, ____ offers us insights into value judgments.

A) validity
B) ethics
C) sampling
D) science

Question 18

The thoughts and feelings of a research participant are not made public without consent. This illustrates:

A) external manifestation of debriefing.
B) internal manifestation of voluntary participation.
C) internal manifestation of the right to privacy.
D) external manifestation of the right to privacy.

Question 19

Which of the following is not an ethical requirement in scientific experimentation?

A) Participants must be told about all aspects of the procedure in an experiment.
B) Participants must be informed of any potential harm that might arise as a result of their participation in an experiment.
C) People's participation in an experiment is voluntary and they are free to withdraw at any time.
D) Scientists must protect the personal identity of research participants.

Question 20

The American Psychological Association provides:

A) a fixed set of rules that must be followed with respect to ethical decisions in experimentation.
B) a fixed set of ethical rules for human experiments but not for animal studies.
C) a set of principles or guidelines rather than a set of rules.
D) no particular rules of guidelines for experiments in psychology.

Question 21

The primary purpose of IRB is to:

A) check for the proposed study's internal and external validity.
B) protect participants' welfare and rights.
C) determine the qualifications of the researcher.
D) fund research projects.

Question 22

Part of the APA guidelines suggest that after data are collected:

A) all participants should be informed about the nature of the study.
B) participants need to be informed about the study only if deception was involved.
C) it is best not to talk to participants.
D) there is no longer any need to worry about harm to the participants.

Question 23

Animals are used in psychology experiments because:

A) it may be unethical or illegal to use humans.
B) underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar across species and may be easier to study in animals.
C) psychologists are interested in animals for their own sake.
D) all of these

Question 24

The principle(s) that prevent(s) the release of personal data without the consent of participants is (are):

A) voluntary participation.
B) confidentiality.
C) anonymity.
D) confidentiality and anonymity.

Question 25

The principle(s) that require(s) participants' personal identity be kept separate from their data is (are):

A) voluntary participation.
B) confidentiality.
C) anonymity.
D) confidentiality and anonymity.

Question 26

Requiring participation in a psychological experiment for course credit is ethical if:

A) alternative ways of obtaining course credit are available.
B) the participants has the right to withdraw without penalty.
C) the participant has given informed consent.
D) all of these

Question 27

According to the chapter, a useful metaphor in guiding research ethics is to think of participants as:

A) blank slates.
B) children in need of protection.
C) colleagues.
D) encyclopedia full of information waiting to be "read."

Question 28

The American Psychological Association's principles emphasize that:

A) individual subjects need to take active steps to ensure that their rights are protected.
B) the scientist has the sole responsibility for the ethical considerations on an experiment.
C) subjects give up their basic rights when participating in a psychological study.
D) the right of the scientists to acquire knowledge outweighs the rights of research participants.

Question 29

Institutional review is required for studies that:

A) are deceptive.
B) use humans.
C) are high risk.
D) all of these

Question 30

In Milgram's obedience-to-authority research, which ethical principle(s) was (were) violated?

A) The responsibility of the scientist to debrief participants.
B) The right of the participant to be protected from physical or psychological harm.
C) The responsibility of the experimenter to conduct follow-up evaluations when research procedures result in undesirable. consequences.
D) All of these

Question 31

In Milgram's obedience-to-authority research, ethical principles were violated even though subjects were not physically harmed. This is because:

A) shocks could have been issued by accident.
B) subjects were forced to participate.
C) psychological harm may have resulted.
D) none of these

Question 32

Under the strictest definition of informed consent:

A) deception is all right as long as studies are followed by thorough debriefings.
B) all research involving deception is unethical.
C) it would be impossible to perform placebo studies.
D) slight risks to participants need not be disclosed.

Question 33

Debriefing is important because:

A) the experimenter can gain information from participants concerning their experience of the experiment.
B) it is an opportunity to justify any deception used.
C) it helps to ensure that participants leave the laboratory with their self-esteem intact.
D) all of these

Question 34

The deception at issue in Milgram's study was to:

A) use shocks that were more painful than originally described.
B) use "false" participants.
C) tell participants that the study was examining learning.
D) tell participants that they were to be paid.

Question 35

The scientist's rights in an experiment do not include the right to:

A) seek knowledge about a problem.
B) hold back information from the participant if revealing it would sabotage the outcome.
C) expose the research participant to lasting harm if there is no other way to obtain desired information.
D) dispense with informed consent in some circumstances.

Question 36

Interpretation of the principle of informed consent is unclear because:

A) APA guidelines do not prevent the use of deception.
B) APA guidelines do not state how much information must be provided to research participants.
C) APA guidelines leave room for more than one interpretation.
D) All of these

Question 37

In a federally funded institution:

A) all research with human participants must be evaluated by an Institutional Review Board.
B) research that violates APA guidelines must be evaluated by an Institutional Review Board.
C) research concerned with psychological issues must be evaluated by an Institutional Review Board.
D) all federally funded research must be evaluated by an Institutional Review Board.

Question 38

Fully informed consent may:

A) be more harmful than helpful.
B) actually eliminate the phenomenon under study.
C) bias participants' behavior.
D) all of these

Question 39

Institutional review boards are typically made up of people from:

A) the institution
B) the community
C) legal firms
D) both the institution and the community

Question 40

Deception in a study is:

A) justified if the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential harm to the participants.
B) justified if there are no alternative procedures available to attain the information.
C) justified if there are no alternative procedures available and the potential benefits outweigh the potential harm to the participants.
D) never justified.

Question 41

What are some research questions that are difficult to address because of ethical considerations? Are there any solutions to these dilemmas?

Question 42

US government guidelines for animal research state that:

A) animals may not be subjected to pain under any circumstances.
B) animals undergoing surgical procedures must be properly anesthetized.
C) only trained psychologists may use animals in research.
D) all of these

Question 43

What role does the APA play in the ethics of research?

Question 44

When the rights of the experimenter and participant come into conflict, what procedures can be followed to resolve the conflict?

Question 45

The primary ethical issue with regard to animals is:

A) whether it is acceptable to involve animals in research that would be unethical with humans.
B) whether information obtained from nonhuman animals is applicable to humans.
C) whether evolutionary research is of any real value.
D) all of these

Question 46

What are the rights of the participant in experimentation?

Question 47

APA guidelines for the care and use of animals in research are especially important when one considers that animals:

A) do not give informed consent
B) do not participate voluntarily
C) are sometimes subjects in experiments judged to be unethical for humans
D) all of these

Question 48

What percentage of psychological research uses animal research?

A) less than 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 50%

Question 49

In some situations, the researcher cannot completely tell subjects about all aspects of a study. Defend this practice.

Question 50

Why could the argument be made that animal subjects need even more protection than their human counterparts?

Question 51

Discuss the principal ethical and/or moral dilemma with respect to animal research.

Question 52

Discuss the ethical questions that arise from the principles of voluntary participation and informed consent.

Question 53

Describe the shift of perspective when examining the ethics of research in comparison to examining the ecology of an experiment.

Question 54

Discuss the pros and cons of deception research both from the point of view of the scientist and from the perspective of the research participant.

Question 55

APA guidelines for the care and use of animals state that:

A) animal care should follow current federal, state and local laws.
B) only animals that are bred specifically for research purposes should be used.
C) painful procedures should not be used under any circumstances.
D) all of these

Question 56

Defend the practice of offering college students extra credit to participate in psychological research. Next, attack the practice.

Question 57

Make an argument that Milgram's studies on obedience were ethical.