Deck 21: Process Research: the Hows and Whys That Make Counseling Work

Question 1

Process researchers must wait until they collect all pertinent data before thinking about the means by which the data can be analyzed.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which of the following is a type of counseling process research?

A) Studies that examine a specific process alone
B) Studies that examine the relationship between counseling processes and counseling measures
C) Studies that examine the relationship between counseling processes and process variables
D) Studies that examine a specific outcome alone

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Most process variables are viable candidates for experimental counseling process designs.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Process research is a category of research design.

Question 5

The decision between an analogue and actual counseling setting is a categorical either/or decision.

Question 6

Counseling process research typically concerns itself with the immediate and/or long-term changes in clients' functioning.

Question 7

Qualitative counseling process designs:

A) involve fewer participants than most quantitative studies.
B) help determine whether treatment is delivered in a uniform manner.
C) correlate process variables with counseling outcomes.
D) measure objective changes in the process variables with treatment.

Question 8

Correlational designs are one of the most commonly utilized designs in counseling process research.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of experimental counseling process designs?

A) They are characterized by randomization of clients to the levels of independent variables.
B) They are viable for all process variables due to the feasibility of control of such variables during the counseling process.
C) They are characterized by the observation of the change in dependent variables in real-life situations.
D) They are inherently free of research allegiance bias which may confound the results.

Question 10

When researchers want to examine more subjective process variables, they should obtain ratings from multiple perspectives.

Question 11

From a research design perspective, it is important to understand a priori about the number of time points needed to anticipate the estimated growth.

Question 12

To start a process research, a researcher should:

A) spend a considerable amount of time reviewing relevant literature after the perspective of the evaluation is finalized.
B) use a quantitative approach in order to develop a conceptual model when empirical data is lacking.
C) aim to study easy variables that can be measured because of clear operational definitions irrespective of their clinical relevance.
D) conduct a study in an analogue setting if a great deal of internal validity is desired.

Question 13

Which of the following is a similarity between early process research and contemporary process research?

A) The emphasis on coding nonverbal behavior during the counseling interview was found to be similar.
B) Both found that the counselor used more leading statements with clients who had an "adjustment" problem.
C) Both found the clients, whose presenting problems were sexually related, made a relatively high number of sexually suggestive gestures.
D) Categories of counselor styles among the different content areas of discussion were found to be similar.

Question 14

In the context of longitudinal counseling process designs, counseling processes unfold over time in a way where counselors and clients find the best fit of explorative, supportive, and challenging interventions to facilitate change.

Question 15

Identify a true statement about the analysis of data collected during process research.

A) ANOVA can be used to control for the variance of other variables.
B) An intercept represents a group's process score in a linear growth model.
C) Differences in statistical power are difficult to find with larger samples.
D) Quantitative data involve nonparametric statistics.

Question 16

Which of the following questions is true of longitudinal counseling process designs?

A) They examine whether a process variable changes over time and whether those changes are associated with counseling outcomes.
B) They measure clients' psychological functioning prior to the start of treatment and at the end of treatment.
C) Variables can be best captured in the first few sessions of a longitudinal study as all changes in counseling are linear.
D) These designs are carried out by manipulating the process variables over fixed time intervals.

Question 17

Which of the following should a researcher keep in mind while deciding from whose perspective the counseling process should be evaluated?

A) Considerable amount of evidence suggests that client, counselor, and observer perspectives on the counseling process are more or less similar.
B) Less discrepancy among raters from the three perspectives of client, counselor, and observer may occur when concrete and observable behaviors are assessed.
C) Process variables such as cultural humility or multicultural competencies are best measured by the counselors themselves.
D) Unlike subjective process variables, objective process variables require ratings from multiple perspectives in order to be examined.

Question 18

Early counseling research tended to focus solely on either client outcome or counseling process.

Question 19

According to the classic system of classification of the various process variables that was developed by Clara Hill (1991), the correct order of the behaviors (variables) in increasing order of complexity is _____, _____, and _____.

A) the therapeutic relationship; verbal behaviors; content
B) interpersonal manner; ancillary behaviors; the therapeutic relationship
C) ancillary behaviors; verbal behaviors; interpersonal manner
D) strategies; content; interpersonal manner

Question 20

In the context of the levels of analysis used in examining the counseling process, _____ refers to the microanalysis of statement-by-statement transactions.

A) relationships
B) episodes
C) speech acts
D) interview levels