Question 1

Which of the following is a type of counseling process research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Studies that examine a specific process alone 
B)  Studies that examine the relationship between counseling processes and counseling measures 
C)  Studies that examine the relationship between counseling processes and process variables 
D)  Studies that examine a specific outcome alone 
A)  Studies that examine a specific process alone 
B)  Studies that examine the relationship between counseling processes and counseling measures 
C)  Studies that examine the relationship between counseling processes and process variables 
D)  Studies that examine a specific outcome alone A

Question 2

When researchers want to examine more subjective process variables, they should obtain ratings from multiple perspectives.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Most process variables are viable candidates for experimental counseling process designs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Process researchers must wait until they collect all pertinent data before thinking about the means by which the data can be analyzed.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Process research is a category of research design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Qualitative counseling process designs:

Accepted Answer

A)  involve fewer participants than most quantitative studies. 
B)  help determine whether treatment is delivered in a uniform manner. 
C)  correlate process variables with counseling outcomes. 
D)  measure objective changes in the process variables with treatment. 
A)  involve fewer participants than most quantitative studies. 
B)  help determine whether treatment is delivered in a uniform manner. 
C)  correlate process variables with counseling outcomes. 
D)  measure objective changes in the process variables with treatment.

Question 7

Correlational designs are one of the most commonly utilized designs in counseling process research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Identify a true statement about the analysis of data collected during process research.

Accepted Answer

A)  ANOVA can be used to control for the variance of other variables. 
B)  An intercept represents a group's process score in a linear growth model. 
C)  Differences in statistical power are difficult to find with larger samples. 
D)  Quantitative data involve nonparametric statistics. 
A)  ANOVA can be used to control for the variance of other variables. 
B)  An intercept represents a group's process score in a linear growth model. 
C)  Differences in statistical power are difficult to find with larger samples. 
D)  Quantitative data involve nonparametric statistics.

Question 9

To start a process research, a researcher should:

Accepted Answer

A)  spend a considerable amount of time reviewing relevant literature after the perspective of the evaluation is finalized. 
B)  use a quantitative approach in order to develop a conceptual model when empirical data is lacking. 
C)  aim to study easy variables that can be measured because of clear operational definitions irrespective of their clinical relevance. 
D)  conduct a study in an analogue setting if a great deal of internal validity is desired. 
A)  spend a considerable amount of time reviewing relevant literature after the perspective of the evaluation is finalized. 
B)  use a quantitative approach in order to develop a conceptual model when empirical data is lacking. 
C)  aim to study easy variables that can be measured because of clear operational definitions irrespective of their clinical relevance. 
D)  conduct a study in an analogue setting if a great deal of internal validity is desired.

Question 10

Which of the following should a researcher keep in mind while deciding from whose perspective the counseling process should be evaluated?

Accepted Answer

A)  Considerable amount of evidence suggests that client, counselor, and observer perspectives on the counseling process are more or less similar. 
B)  Less discrepancy among raters from the three perspectives of client, counselor, and observer may occur when concrete and observable behaviors are assessed. 
C)  Process variables such as cultural humility or multicultural competencies are best measured by the counselors themselves. 
D)  Unlike subjective process variables, objective process variables require ratings from multiple perspectives in order to be examined. 
A)  Considerable amount of evidence suggests that client, counselor, and observer perspectives on the counseling process are more or less similar. 
B)  Less discrepancy among raters from the three perspectives of client, counselor, and observer may occur when concrete and observable behaviors are assessed. 
C)  Process variables such as cultural humility or multicultural competencies are best measured by the counselors themselves. 
D)  Unlike subjective process variables, objective process variables require ratings from multiple perspectives in order to be examined.

Question 11

According to the classic system of classification of the various process variables that was developed by Clara Hill (1991), the correct order of the behaviors (variables) in increasing order of complexity is _____, _____, and _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the therapeutic relationship; verbal behaviors; content 
B)  interpersonal manner; ancillary behaviors; the therapeutic relationship 
C)  ancillary behaviors; verbal behaviors; interpersonal manner 
D)  strategies; content; interpersonal manner 
A)  the therapeutic relationship; verbal behaviors; content 
B)  interpersonal manner; ancillary behaviors; the therapeutic relationship 
C)  ancillary behaviors; verbal behaviors; interpersonal manner 
D)  strategies; content; interpersonal manner

Question 12

Which of the following questions is true of longitudinal counseling process designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  They examine whether a process variable changes over time and whether those changes are associated with counseling outcomes. 
B)  They measure clients' psychological functioning prior to the start of treatment and at the end of treatment. 
C)  Variables can be best captured in the first few sessions of a longitudinal study as all changes in counseling are linear. 
D)  These designs are carried out by manipulating the process variables over fixed time intervals. 
A)  They examine whether a process variable changes over time and whether those changes are associated with counseling outcomes. 
B)  They measure clients' psychological functioning prior to the start of treatment and at the end of treatment. 
C)  Variables can be best captured in the first few sessions of a longitudinal study as all changes in counseling are linear. 
D)  These designs are carried out by manipulating the process variables over fixed time intervals.

Question 13

Which of the following is a similarity between early process research and contemporary process research?

Accepted Answer

A)  The emphasis on coding nonverbal behavior during the counseling interview was found to be similar. 
B)  Both found that the counselor used more leading statements with clients who had an "adjustment" problem. 
C)  Both found the clients, whose presenting problems were sexually related, made a relatively high number of sexually suggestive gestures. 
D)  Categories of counselor styles among the different content areas of discussion were found to be similar. 
A)  The emphasis on coding nonverbal behavior during the counseling interview was found to be similar. 
B)  Both found that the counselor used more leading statements with clients who had an "adjustment" problem. 
C)  Both found the clients, whose presenting problems were sexually related, made a relatively high number of sexually suggestive gestures. 
D)  Categories of counselor styles among the different content areas of discussion were found to be similar.

Question 14

In the context of longitudinal counseling process designs, counseling processes unfold over time in a way where counselors and clients find the best fit of explorative, supportive, and challenging interventions to facilitate change.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Counseling process research typically concerns itself with the immediate and/or long-term changes in clients' functioning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

From a research design perspective, it is important to understand a priori about the number of time points needed to anticipate the estimated growth.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Early counseling research tended to focus solely on either client outcome or counseling process.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

In the context of the levels of analysis used in examining the counseling process, _____ refers to the microanalysis of statement-by-statement transactions.

Accepted Answer

A)  relationships 
B)  episodes 
C)  speech acts 
D)  interview levels 
A)  relationships 
B)  episodes 
C)  speech acts 
D)  interview levels

Question 19

Which of the following is true of experimental counseling process designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are characterized by randomization of clients to the levels of independent variables. 
B)  They are viable for all process variables due to the feasibility of control of such variables during the counseling process. 
C)  They are characterized by the observation of the change in dependent variables in real-life situations. 
D)  They are inherently free of research allegiance bias which may confound the results. 
A)  They are characterized by randomization of clients to the levels of independent variables. 
B)  They are viable for all process variables due to the feasibility of control of such variables during the counseling process. 
C)  They are characterized by the observation of the change in dependent variables in real-life situations. 
D)  They are inherently free of research allegiance bias which may confound the results.

Question 20

The decision between an analogue and actual counseling setting is a categorical either/or decision.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 21: Process Research: the Hows and Whys That Make Counseling Work

Which of the following is a type of counseling process research?

When researchers want to examine more subjective process variables, they should obtain ratings from multiple perspectives.

Most process variables are viable candidates for experimental counseling process designs.

Process researchers must wait until they collect all pertinent data before thinking about the means by which the data can be analyzed.

Process research is a category of research design.

Qualitative counseling process designs:

Correlational designs are one of the most commonly utilized designs in counseling process research.

Identify a true statement about the analysis of data collected during process research.

To start a process research, a researcher should:

Which of the following should a researcher keep in mind while deciding from whose perspective the counseling process should be evaluated?

According to the classic system of classification of the various process variables that was developed by Clara Hill (1991), the correct order of the behaviors (variables) in increasing order of complexity is _____, _____, and _____.

Which of the following questions is true of longitudinal counseling process designs?

Which of the following is a similarity between early process research and contemporary process research?

In the context of longitudinal counseling process designs, counseling processes unfold over time in a way where counselors and clients find the best fit of explorative, supportive, and challenging interventions to facilitate change.

Counseling process research typically concerns itself with the immediate and/or long-term changes in clients' functioning.

From a research design perspective, it is important to understand a priori about the number of time points needed to anticipate the estimated growth.

Early counseling research tended to focus solely on either client outcome or counseling process.

In the context of the levels of analysis used in examining the counseling process, _____ refers to the microanalysis of statement-by-statement transactions.

Which of the following is true of experimental counseling process designs?

The decision between an analogue and actual counseling setting is a categorical either/or decision.

Philosophies of Science and Counseling: Why Science Matters to Counseling

Research Training: Joys and Challenges

Ethics in Counseling Research: Being and Doing Right

Professional Writing: a Critical Skill for Scientists and Practitioners

Identifying Interests and Operationalizing Topics: Forget That Perfect Study

Choosing Research Designs: Balancing Ideals and Realities

Validity Issues in Research: the Heart of It All

Population Issues: Who We Study Matters

Diverse Perspectives: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations

Scale Construction: a Most Fundamental Tool

True Experimental Designs: the Power of Between-Groups and Within-Subjects Designs

Quasi-Experimental and Longitudinal Designs: Examining Relationships in Applied Setting

Quantitative Descriptive Designs: Describing, Explaining, and Predicting Phenomenon

Analogue Research: Maximizing Experimental Control

Single-Subject Designs: Learning From the Richness of a Sample Size of 1

Qualitative Research: Complexities and Richness From Digging Deeper

Mixed Methods Designs: When Qualitative and Quantitative Designs Meet

The Independent Variable: the Drivers of the Study

The Dependent Variable: Skillfully Measuring Intended Outcomes

Counseling Outcome Research: Does Counseling Work

Program Evaluation: Applying Science and Practice to Real Life

Bias: Error Variances From Investigators, Experimenters, and Participants

Filters

According to the classic system of classification of the various process variables that was developed by Clara Hill (1991), the correct order of the behaviors (variables) in increasing order of complexity is ___, _, and ___.