Deck 8: Middle Childhood: Social, Personality and Sex-Role Development

Question 1

'Children imitate same- sex models and become aware that gender- role- appropriate behaviour brings rewards. Thus, they self- regulate via internalised gender- role standards.' This statement is related to which of the following theories?

A) Social learning theory (Bussey & Bandura, 1992)
B) Cognitive- developmental theory (Kohlberg, 1966)
C) Gender schema theory (Bem, 1983)
D) Both A and C

Answer 1

Social learning theory (Bussey & Bandura, 1992)

Question 2

David Perry and Kay Bussey (1984) investigated the impact of play with younger playmates and its effect on play with same- aged peers in children with sociometric isolation. They found that after several hours of play with a younger playmate, the socially isolated child:

A) played much more effectively with classmates of their own age.
B) played even less effectively with classmates of their own age.
C) showed decreased age appropriate play skills.
D) showed no change in socialisation skills.

Answer 2

played much more effectively with classmates of their own age.

Question 3

According to Bussey and Bandura (1992), when Sydney preschoolers watch videos of other children playing with cross- sex toys (e.g. boys playing with dolls), they rated the others' behaviour as:

A) real great.
B) real awful.
C) awful.
D) great.

Answer 3

awful.

Question 4

According to Barry (1978), Aboriginal children growing up in rural Australia have been found to be ____________ rigidly constrained by traditional sex- role stereotypes than their Anglo counterparts.

Question 5

Baumrind (1971; 1991) discovered two intersecting dimensions of parenting style ____________ and ____________ .

A) warmth; control
B) warmth; discipline
C) control; understanding
D) understanding; discipline

Question 6

Developing an understanding of which of the following stages is required to gain an understanding of gender constancy?

A) Gender stability
B) Gender identity
C) Gender consistency
D) An understanding of all of the above is necessary.

Question 7

In relation to older siblings, which if the following is true?

A) They acquire frustration and stress by being allowed to care for their infant brothers and sisters.
B) They make cognitive gains by helping to teach new skills to younger siblings.
C) They are typically resentful of their younger siblings and do not interact with them.
D) Both A and C

Question 8

In relation to justice behaviour and justice reasoning, the notion that 'resources should be given to each according to his/her contribution' is associated with which of the following?

A) The principle of need
B) The equity rule
C) Winner takes all
D) The equality rule

Question 9

Parents may contribute to feelings of resentment between siblings when they practise ____________ or ____________.

Question 10

Research into a child's status in a group of peers has typically employed a technique known as ____________ .

Question 11

The term ____________ describes peoples' sense of themselves as biological males or females, quite separate from the individual's allegiance to, or repudiation of, any particular features of the socially defined sex role.

Question 12

Which of the following developmental changes in children's self- concept is common in eight- to 11- year- olds?

A) Comparative social assessment
B) Nuanced interpersonal implications
C) Concrete, physical description
D) All of the above

Question 13

According to Peterson (2000), which of the following situations is likely to lead to fastest theory- of- mind development in a child?

A) Having only an infant sibling
B) Having a twin sibling
C) Having an older and younger sibling
D) Having an adolescent/adult sibling

Question 14

Which of the following is likely to contribute to a bystander not providing assistance to somebody in need?

A) The required intervention demands special qualifications or is unusually difficult.
B) The nature of the emergency is ambiguous.
C) There are many observers present.
D) All of the above.

Question 15

Boys or girls who show low levels of both traditionally masculine and feminine personality traits are classified as:

A) masculine.
B) undifferentiated.
C) feminine.
D) androgynous.

Question 16

Parents from different cultural backgrounds may hold distinctive ideas both about the ideal ____________ for their children's development and also about the ____________ when this will be achieved.

Question 17

In investigating peer status, a child with low positive and negative peer nominations is categorised as:

A) controversial.
B) neglected.
C) rejected.
D) The child may be in any of the above categories.

Question 18

Goodnow and Warton (1991) investigated sex roles in household chores among a group of young people from Sydney. They found:

A) that more girls cleaned the bathroom and more girls washed the family car.
B) that more girls cleaned the bathroom and more boys washed the family car.
C) that there were no sex differences in cleaning the bathroom or washing the family car.
D) that more boys cleaned the bathroom and more girls washed the family car.

Question 19

Based on a naturalistic observational study of preschoolers and their infant siblings, Judith Dunn (1994) reported that angry clashes between siblings reached frequencies as high as ____________ outbursts per hour.

A) 46
B) 56
C) 26
D) 36

Question 20

Parents displaying a high level of control and a low level of warmth are likely to be associated with which of the following parenting styles?

A) Indifferent/uninvolved
B) Authoritarian
C) Authoritative
D) Permissive/indulgent

Question 21

According to the social learning explanation for gender- role development, the identification process results from the psychosexual dynamics of rivalry and unconscious sexual desire rather than from principles of learning.

Question 22

According to Perner, Ruffman and Leekam (1994), theory- of- mind develops more quickly in children who have siblings than in only children who have only their parents to play and interact with at home.

Question 23

____________ is the realisation that one's biological gender as male or female is unchangeable, short of something as drastic as a sex- change operation.

Question 24

Large- scale comparisons between the IQ scores of children from families of two or three reveal that first- born children with siblings score consistently ____________ than only children from similarly intellectually stimulating home backgrounds.

Question 25

There are ____________ lasting social, emotional or personality deficits found to result from growing up as an only child without any brothers or sisters to interact with.

Question 26

The sex roles typically portrayed on TV tend to be highly traditional and stereotyped.

Question 27

Bem's (1983) ____________ theory explains the child's mastery of a sex role in terms of information processing.

Question 28

According to Pines (1981), longitudinal evidence shows that adults who grew up as only children average lower scores on many indices of social and mental health than those with siblings, as well as often having lower IQs.

Question 29

Children who are unpopular with their classroom peers in school can sometimes achieve a more positive peer experience when playing with mixed- age peer groups in the neighbourhood.

Question 30

As Bem (1975) ____________ defined it, consists of a flexible blend of socially desirable masculine and feminine sex- role attributes.

Question 31

According to Baumrind, parents' childrearing styles were closely linked with their offspring's developmental outcomes, with the authoritarian parenting style producing especially good results.

Question 32

According to Larzelere, (1986) in a large- scale study of three- to 17- year- olds whose parents had spanked them frequently, the children were found to be more ____________ towards their peers and siblings than the matched offspring of parents who used
non- violent forms of discipline.

Question 33

Research evidence (Peterson and Siegal, 2002) shows that children who are rejected by their peer group as a whole, yet have one stable mutual friendship, score significantly higher on measures of social cognition, theory- of- mind development and moral understanding than rejected children without any mutual friends.

Question 34

According to Maccoby (1998), adults spend more time cuddling, talking with, singing to and giving toys to babies they believe are male than when the same infant is introduced to them as a girl.

Question 35

When parents explain things and give their children reasons for desired behaviour, they supply a cognitive framework that can motivate compliance and clarify social understanding of a theory of mind.

Question 36

Asher, Renshaw and Hymel (1982) asked a group of 522 mid- western American children aged eight to 12 years how often they felt lonely, they discovered that approximately 35 percent of each age group felt so lonely and isolated from their peers as to be extremely unhappy.

Question 37

According to Dockett and her colleagues (2002), Indigenous Australian parents place a strong emphasis on warm and supportive social relationships with peers and teachers in school.

Question 38

Socially defined ____________ describe the stereotypic patterns of attitudes, personality and behaviour that distinguish males from females as social entities at certain ages, within a particular culture, during a particular phase in that culture's history.

Question 39

According to Turiel (1977), most children aged three and older realise that basic moral rules are universal.

Question 40

Siblings, unlike parents, exert little important influence on each others' psychological development.

Question 41

Boldizar (1991) concluded that 25 to 30 percent of children aged in the eight- to 13- year range are androgynous.