Deck 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism

Question 1

The second law of thermodynamics states that ____.  

A) energy can be transformed into matter, and because of this, something is obtained for nothing
B) energy can be destroyed during nuclear reactions such as those that occur inside the sun
C) if energy is gained by one region of the universe, another place in the universe also must gain energy in order to maintain the balance of nature
D) energy tends to flow from concentrated to less concentrated forms
E) energy tends to be stable over time

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is a key characteristic of exergonic reactions?  

A) They consume energy.
B) They require glucose fusion.
C) Their products have more energy than the reactants.
D) They release energy that can be used by cells.
E) They involve the formation of bonds.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

?What is the key activity of panel II in the accompanying figure?  

A) The enzyme is consumed as the products form.
B) The substrate leaves the active site.
C) The conversion of substrates to products occurs.
D) The product leaves the enzyme.
E) The product decomposes to the reactants.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

?What is the item labeled "C" in the accompanying figure?  

A) The reactant
B) The substrate
C) The active site
D) The transition state
E) The product

Question 5

Which of the following describes a membrane as a two-dimensional liquid of a mixed composition?  

A) Diffusion
B) Hypertonic
C) Fluid mosaic
D) Isotonic
E) Osmosis

Question 6

The process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by the ballooning inward of the plasma membrane is known as _______.  

A) intracellular digestion
B) exocytosis
C) endocytosis
D) extrusion
E) osmosis

Question 7

The active site of an enzyme ____.  

A) is where the coenzyme is located
B) is a specific bulge or protuberance on an enzyme
C) is a groove or crevice in the structure of the enzyme complementary to the substrate
D) will react with only one substrate no matter how many molecules may resemble the shape of the substrate
E) rigidly resists any alteration of its shape

Question 8

What type of energy is the energy in chemical bonds?  

A) Solar energy
B) Activation energy
C) Kinetic energy
D) Potential energy
E) Thermal energy

Question 9

The activation energy of a reaction refers to the minimum amount of energy ____.  

A) released by the reaction
B) in the reactants
C) in the products
D) necessary to cause a reaction to proceed on its own
E) variation between the energy of the reactants and the energy of the products

Question 10

Endergonic reactions ____.  

A) result in products with less energy than the reactants
B) require a net input of energy
C) occur in the breakdown of glucose
D) are used by cells to provide energy for biological reactions
E) break down large molecules into smaller molecules

Question 11

In order to work best,enzymes ____.  

A) always need coenzymes
B) randomly grab surrounding molecules
C) need low pH
D) need high temperatures
E) need set environmental conditions, specific for each enzyme

Question 12

What statement is an application of the first law of thermodynamics?  

A) The level of entropy increases as time passes.
B) Living organisms represent an exception to the laws of energy.
C) The quantity of energy does not increase or decrease in the universe.
D) Fungi and plants do not make their own energy but derive it from somewhere else.
E) The amount of energy found in the compounds on one side of an equation is equal to that on the other side.

Question 13

Some enzymes lower activation energy by ____.  

A) keeping substrates apart
B) orienting substrates randomly
C) breaking the laws of thermodynamics
D) shutting out water molecules
E) physically breaking chemical bonds

Question 14

Enzymes ____.  

A) control the speed of a reaction
B) form chemical bonds with substrates to facilitate certain reactions
C) may place physical stress on the bonds of the substrate
D) always work on their own
E) lower activation energy

Question 15

Plasma membranes and some internal membranes have which of the following proteins,which trigger a change in the cell's activities in response to a stimulus?  

A) Receptor proteins
B) Transport proteins
C) Adhesion proteins
D) Transmembrane proteins
E) Peripheral proteins

Question 16

According to the first law of thermodynamics,____.  

A) the energy of a system always increases
B) the amount of energy in the universe is changeable
C) chemical reactions do not create or destroy energy
D) energy is always stable
E) energy always decreases

Question 17

Energy is commonly defined as ____.  

A) a form of heat
B) thermodynamics
C) the capacity to change
D) the capacity to do work
E) the ability to do work

Question 18

?What is the item labeled "B" in the accompanying figure?  

A) The enzyme
B) The substrate
C) The active site
D) The transition state
E) The product

Question 19

What is a key characteristic of enzyme behavior?  

A) Enzyme shape is stable during catalysis.
B) The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate molecules, thereby promoting interaction of their reactive parts.
C) All enzymes have an active site where coenzymes are temporarily bound.
D) Each enzyme can catalyze multiple types of reactions.
E) Enzyme activity is not affected by pH and temperature.

Question 20

CO₂ and H₂O will not form glucose on their own because ____.  

A) CO₂ does not contain sufficient energy
B) H₂O does not contain sufficient energy
C) neither CO₂ nor H₂O contain sufficient energy
D) the concentration of CO₂ is too low in the atmosphere
E) the bonds of CO₂ and H₂O are too stable to be broken without an input of energy

Question 21

Allosteric regulation generally results from ____.  

A) excess substrates
B) binding of regulatory molecules at sites other than the active sites
C) a change in the temperature of the system
D) a lack of coenzymes
E) changes in pH

Question 22

Which statement below characterizes metabolic pathways?  

A) They are random sequences of reactions.
B) They are always biosynthetic.
C) They are always degradative.
D) They are enzyme-mediated sequences of reactions.
E) They are always linear reactions.

Question 23

During receptor-mediated endocytosis,____.  

A) plasma membrane receptors bind molecules to be expelled
B) a small channel forms beneath the receptors
C) a pit opens inside a cell
D) a vesicle forms
E) a vesicle is destroyed

Question 24

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Active site

Question 25

What term best describes the role of certain metal ions and coenzymes in metabolic processes?  

A) Reactants
B) Intermediates
C) Cofactors
D) Products
E) Catalysts

Question 26

A "high-energy bond" in ATP ____.  

A) absorbs a large amount of free energy when the phosphate group is attached during hydrolysis
B) is formed when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and one phosphate group
C) is similar to the bonds in glucose molecules
D) forms as part of an endergonic reaction
E) cannot be readily used in reactions

Question 27

In oxidation-reduction reactions,____.  

A) both molecules give up electrons
B) both molecules gain electrons
C) cells harvest energy
D) the molecule that accepts electrons is reduced
E) hydrogen ions are usually absorbed

Question 28

Integral proteins that span the entire bilayer are called _____.  

A) receptor proteins
B) integral proteins
C) adhesion proteins
D) transmembrane proteins
E) monotopic proteins

Question 29

The mosaic of the fluid mosaic model refers to ____.  

A) specific proteins in membranes
B) the liquid inside a cell
C) the phospholipids in membranes
D) the passage of materials into cells
E) the diverse molecules making up membranes

Question 30

During the process of phosphorylation,____.  

A) a molecule gains a phosphate group
B) a molecule synthesizes a phosphate group
C) molecules become more stable
D) molecules are passed to enzymes
E) ADP is produced from ATP

Question 31

Which of the following is a form of active transport?  

A) Osmosis
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Simple diffusion
D) Sodium-potassium pump
E) Glucose transporter

Question 32

What affects the rate of diffusion of solutes?
I.Concentration gradient
II.Temperature
III.Molecular size
 

A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II
D) II and III
E) I, II, and III

Question 33

?In the image above,the substance indicated as B is a(n)____.  

A) inhibitor
B) regulatory molecule
C) substrate
D) coenzyme
E) cofactor

Question 34

Allosteric enzymes ____.  

A) have regions that bind with inhibitor or activator molecules
B) are associated with important energy-carrying nucleotides
C) are not affected by temperature or pH
D) have two active sites
E) have a broader range of working conditions

Question 35

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Enzyme

Question 36

Which of the following membrane-crossing mechanisms requires energy?  

A) Active transport
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Simple diffusion
D) Passive transport
E) Turgor

Question 37

The action of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is known as ____.  

A) pinocytosis only
B) phagocytosis only
C) exocytosis and phagocytosis
D) endocytosis and pinocytosis
E) phagocytosis and endocytosis

Question 38

?In the image above,the substance indicated as C is a(n)_____.

A) inhibitor
B) regulatory molecule
C) substrate
D) coenzyme
E) cofactor

Question 39

What method of movement requires the expenditure of ATP molecules?  

A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Active transport
E) Bulk flow

Question 40

?The figure above represents ____.  

A) an exergonic reaction
B) a metabolic pathway
C) allosteric inhibition
D) allosteric regulation
E) an endergonic reaction

Question 41

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Movement of molecules would be out of this fluid

Question 42

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Fluid with a low solute concentration relative to another fluid

Question 43

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Fluid with a high solute concentration relative to another fluid

Question 44

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
NAD+

Question 45

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Oxidation
b.Reduction
c.Phosphorylation
d.Electron transport chain
This process occurs when an electron is received by an electron acceptor molecule,such as NADP+.

Question 46

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Movement of water molecules across a membrane

Question 47

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Entropy

Question 48

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Pressure that prevents the movement of water into a cell despite a hypotonic internal environment

Question 49

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Adenosine triphosphate

Question 50

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Oxidation
b.Reduction
c.Phosphorylation
d.Electron transport chain
This process involves a series of enzymes and requires membranes.

Question 51

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Activation energy

Question 52

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Phosphorylation

Question 53

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Catalase

Question 54

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Feedback inhibition

Question 55

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Movement of molecules would be into this fluid

Question 56

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Amount of energy to start a reaction
b.Coenzyme that can accept electrons and hydrogen
c.Attachment of a phosphate group with a high-energy bond
d.An excess of end-product molecules alters the shape of the first enzyme in the pathway and shuts off that metabolic pathway
e.Part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate
f.By binding a regulatory molecule, it allows a metabolic reaction to proceed
g.Affects rates of chemical reactions by reducing activation energy
h.Important energy currency in metabolism
i.Enzyme that participates in the neutralization of hydrogen peroxide
j.A measure of the amount of energy that has been diffused from a concentrated form of energy within a system
Allosteric enzyme

Question 57

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Oxidation
b.Reduction
c.Phosphorylation
d.Electron transport chain
This process leads to the formation of ATP from ADP plus inorganic phosphate.

Question 58

Classification. The items below are processes that occur during different cellular reaction or metabolic pathways. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Oxidation
b.Reduction
c.Phosphorylation
d.Electron transport chain
This process occurs when an electron transport molecule gives up an electron.

Question 59

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Movement of molecules across a membrane would be equal

Question 60

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Pressure from a fluid against a boundary that contains it

Question 61

A chemical interaction in which the products contain less free energy than the reactants is called a(n)____________________ reaction.

Question 62

The loss of an electron by a molecule is called ____________________.

Question 63

What happens to the entropy of two atoms when a covalent bond forms between them?  

A) The entropy of both atoms decreases.
B) The entropy is unchanged.
C) One atom passes its entropy to the other.
D) The entropy of both atoms increases.
E) Entropy is formed as heat.

Question 64

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Fluid with the same solute concentration relative to another fluid

Question 65

Classification. The terms below relate to the movement of materials and membranes. Answer the following questions by selecting the correct term.
a.Diffusion
b.Hypertonic
c.Hypotonic
d.Isotonic
e.Osmosis
f.Osmotic pressure
g.Turgor
Spontaneous movement of molecules

Question 66

Which of the following will occur when a plant is placed into a hypotonic solution?  

A) It will wilt.
B) Some of its cells will burst.
C) Turgor prevents more water from entering the cells.
D) Water is actively pumped out of the cells.
E) Elastic fibers in the cell walls enable plant cells to stretch and accommodate more water.

Question 67

Enzymes that are switched on by adding a phosphate group at a site away from the active site exhibit _____________________regulation.

Question 68

The enzyme that works in conjunction with ATP to produce bioluminescence is called ____________________.

Question 69

Four of the following statements are true regarding facilitated diffusion.Which one is false?  

A) It requires a transport protein.
B) Movement follows the concentration gradient of the substance.
C) It can occur through a permanently open channel.
D) It requires ATP.
E) The transported substance and the transport protein are usually specific to each other.