Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Sabine is in the second grade. Compared to the other kids in her class, she finds it very challenging to read or spell simple words. Which of the following learning disabilities does Sabine suffer from?

A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Answer 1

dyslexia

Question 2

A learning disability

A) resides in a single, specific brain location.
B) is primarily the result of inadequate intellectual functioning.
C) does not involve understanding or using spoken languages.
D) is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.

Answer 2

is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about learning disability?

A) Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment because of troublesome behavior.
B) About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.
C) Girls have a greater biological vulnerability than boys to be diagnosed with a learning disability.
D) Learning disabilities reside in a single, specific brain location in all individuals.

Answer 3

About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.

Question 4

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of ________ inches a year.

A) one to two
B) two to three
C) five to seven
D) seven to ten

Question 5

Kimberly is 7 years old. She asks her mother to buy her clothes at the start of the new academic year. However, her mother tells her that she won't buy too many clothes now as Kimberly will grow them out soon. She expects Kimberly, on an average, to gain ________ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Question 6

________ is a disability in which children consistently show inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity over a period of time. Some children show a combination of these symptoms.

A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Question 7

Carl's son has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Since then, Carl has spent a significant amount of time understanding the causes of his disability. He learns that even though several research studies have been conducted, the precise causes have not yet been determined. He comes across a research finding that indicates that it is unlikely that learning disabilities

A) reside in a single, specific brain location.
B) are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions.
C) are a result of subtle impairments in brain structures.
D) occur as a result of subtle impairments in brain functions.

Question 8

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to

A) increased myelination of the central nervous system.
B) advances in the prefrontal cortex.
C) an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D) a simultaneous process in which axons in the brain die, while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.

Question 9

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age three. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

A) increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe
B) increased myelination of the central nervous system
C) increased bone ossification
D) increased muscle development

Question 10

Dana and Delma are discussing gender and the identification of learning disabilities. Dana believes that there is evidence that supports that gender does play a role in identifying learning disabilities, whereas Delma opposes this view. Which of the following statements, if true, would support Dana's view?

A) Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls.
B) Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment than boys.
C) Girls' education is given priority in schools and homes.
D) Learning disabilities are more difficult to detect in boys than in girls.

Question 11

Sammy, a 9-year-old girl, is overweight. She is constantly teased and tormented by other children in school. Her parents try to cheer her up by telling her that they were also overweight when they were young and even now they are overweight but they don't worry about what others say about them. Based on the given information, which of the following is the primary cause for Sammy being overweight?

A) Sammy spends most of her day playing on her computer.
B) Sammy's meal times are irregular.
C) Sammy does not exercise as regularly as her parents.
D) Sammy's parents are overweight.

Question 12

During a workshop for mothers, one of the topics of discussion was the increasing use of cell phones and other gadgets by children. During the session, the speaker requested parents to monitor their children's screen time and stressed the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She requested parents to exercise more often so that their children would be encouraged to spend less time with their gadgets and more time involved in physical activities. Which of the following statements explains why the speaker put forth this request?

A) Studies show that screen time is associated with higher levels of language skills and cognitive control.
B) Studies show that a higher level of screen time increases the risk of obesity for low- and high-activity children.
C) Studies show that screen time is linked with high activity and stable sleep patterns in children.
D) Studies show that screen time is associated with higher connectivity between brain regions.

Question 13

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving

A) math ability.
B) right and left brain functioning.
C) writing skills.
D) reading ability.

Question 14

Terence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. This disability is also known as developmental arithmetic disorder. On the other hand, Mindy, his classmate, finds it extremely challenging to read or spell simple words. Based on the given information, which of the following statements is true?

A) Both Terence and Mindy have ADHD.
B) Terence has dysgraphia, whereas Mindy has dyscalculia.
C) Terence has ADHD, whereas Mindy has dysgraphia.
D) Terence has dyscalculia, whereas Mindy has dyslexia.

Question 15

During elementary school years, head circumference and waist circumference

A) increase in relation to body height.
B) decrease in relation to body weight.
C) increase in relation to body weight.
D) decrease in relation to body height.

Question 16

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with ________ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy.

A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Question 17

Sandra is a nine-year-old girl. She was always the last student in class to finish assignments because she could only write slowly, and even then, her writing would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called

A) ADHD.
B) dysgraphia.
C) ASD.
D) dyscalculia.

Question 18

Marshall is in the fourth grade. He finds it hard to keep up with his classmates' writing speed. His handwriting is illegible. Therefore, neither his teachers nor his parents can read his notes. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match sounds and letters. Marshall likely suffers from ________.

A) dyspraxia
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Question 19

Advances in the ________ of the brain are linked to children's ________.

A) parietal lobe; peripheral vision
B) occipital lobe; improved spatial skills
C) prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
D) temporal lobe; hand-eye coordination and pincer grasp

Question 20

Samuel is an 8-year-old boy. He has difficulty solving numerical problems. Hence, he is not able to solve any of the Math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gave him extra assignments and made him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these did not help. His parents finally took him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnosed him with a learning disability called ________, or developmental arithmetic disorder.

A) dyscalculia
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyspraxia

Question 21

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A) sensorimotor stage
B) preoperational stage
C) formal operational stage
D) concrete operational stage

Question 22

Jacob is a third grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently, Jacob was moved to the regular third-grade classroom. This is an instance of

A) transforming.
B) transitioning.
C) incorporation.
D) inclusion.

Question 23

Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is

A) seriation.
B) transitivity.
C) transduction.
D) classification.

Question 24

Three-year-old Jared was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke a word to his parents and would not respond when his parents called out to him. His parents arranged play dates with other children his age so that Jared could mingle with other kids and play with them. However, Jared would instead go to a corner and spend all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with

A) fragile X syndrome.
B) ADHD.
C) autistic disorder.
D) ICF syndrome.

Question 25

________ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and ________ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

A) Long-term memory; short-term memory
B) Short-term memory; long-term memory
C) Knowledge; expertise
D) Expertise; knowledge

Question 26

Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called

A) centration.
B) seriation.
C) reversibility.
D) classification.

Question 27

What causes autism spectrum disorders?

A) improper family socialization
B) brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
C) damage to the prefrontal cortex of the brain
D) childhood immunizations

Question 28

In relation to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately ________ years of age.

A) three to five
B) five to seven
C) seven to eleven
D) ten to thirteen

Question 29

Anne, a 10-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability?

A) Anne had a high birth weight.
B) Anne has poor discipline at home.
C) Anne was a victim of verbal and physical abuse during her childhood.
D) Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant.

Question 30

The ________ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

A) ideal learning environment (ILE)
B) special learning environment (SLE)
C) least discriminating environment (LDE)
D) least restrictive environment (LRE)

Question 31

________ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.

A) Asperger syndrome
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) ICF syndrome

Question 32

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of ________, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length.

A) centration
B) seriation
C) reversibility
D) classification

Question 33

A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs ________ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.

A) in adulthood
B) in infancy
C) three years later
D) two years earlier

Question 34

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that

A) all students with disabilities be brought into mainstream schools.
B) parents of children with disabilities provide homeschooling for their children.
C) all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.
D) a standard curriculum be provided for students with and without disabilities.

Question 35

Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie

A) is given great freedom and few rules.
B) is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.
C) has significant input into the development of her educational goals.
D) spends part of her time in a regular classroom and part of her time in a special education classroom.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true about ADHD in children?

A) The sole cause of ADHD in children is damage to the brain during prenatal development.
B) The number of children diagnosed and treated for ADHD has increased substantially in recent decades.
C) Stimulant medication such as Ritalin is effective in improving the attention of children with ADHD to the levels seen in children without ADHD.
D) Doctors recommend avoiding exercise in all forms for children with ADHD.

Question 37

Jana's doctor is treating her for ADHD. Which of the following treatment plans would her doctor most likely recommend to achieve better results?

A) a combination of stimulant medication and sedatives
B) primarily stimulant medication
C) primarily behavior management
D) a combination of stimulant medication and behavior management

Question 38

A(n) ________ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability.

A) tailored education plan (TEP)
B) individualized education plan (IEP)
C) exclusive education plan (EEP)
D) disabilities education plan (DEP)

Question 39

From the following options, identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately eight percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification.

A) autism
B) ADHD
C) emotional and behavioral disorders
D) learning disorders

Question 40

________ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

A) Asperger syndrome
B) ADHD
C) Autistic disorder
D) ICF syndrome

Question 41

According to fuzzy trace theory, ________ consists of the precise details of the information.

A) the gist
B) the verbatim memory trace
C) the fuzzy trace
D) mental imagery

Question 42

A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's

A) emotional quotient.
B) intelligence quotient.
C) level of mental development relative to others.
D) cognitive maturity.

Question 43

Michael Pressley believes that the key to education is helping students to

A) develop social skills.
B) learn creativity.
C) learn a repertoire of problem-solving strategies.
D) distinguish between convergent and divergent thinking.

Question 44

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called ________ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) oblique
D) finite

Question 45

Knowledge about memory is known as

A) metamemory.
B) working memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) metadata.

Question 46

If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember, the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend. This is an example of

A) rehearsal.
B) organization.
C) inclusion.
D) elaboration.

Question 47

Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?

A) Avoid repetition of the same instructional information.
B) Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.
C) Motivate children to remember material by memorizing it.
D) Discourage children from engaging in mental imagery.

Question 48

________ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

A) Convergent
B) Creative
C) Divergent
D) Abstract

Question 49

Emily has the ability to think about things in novel and unusual ways; this allows her to come up with unique solutions to problems. This ability is called ________ thinking.

A) logical
B) analytical
C) critical
D) creative

Question 50

When a person thinks reflectively and productively and evaluates evidence, he or she is engaging in

A) critical thinking.
B) metacognition.
C) cognitive monitoring.
D) control processes.

Question 51

A teacher uses pictures to teach her students about a particular concept. She is confident that doing so will help the children remember the concept easily. Identify the strategy that the teacher is using to improve her students' memory.

A) encouraging elaboration
B) engaging in mental imagery
C) motivating students to remember the concept by understanding it rather than memorizing it
D) repeating the concept multiple times

Question 52

Who created the concept of intelligence quotient?

A) Alfred Binet
B) William Stern
C) David Wechsler
D) Robert J. Sternberg

Question 53

Sergio's mental age is eight, but his chronological age is nine. We would say that Sergio's IQ

A) is 100.
B) is more than 100.
C) is less than 100.
D) cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 54

________ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

A) Mindlessness
B) Mindfulness
C) Elasticity
D) Creativity

Question 55

Compared with novices, experts have

A) poorer overall memory regardless of their area of expertise.
B) acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area.
C) less experience in their area of expertise.
D) lower levels of motivation.

Question 56

Mental age (MA) is

A) the age that an individual mentally identifies himself at.
B) the age at which an individual attains cognitive maturity.
C) an individual's level of mental development relative to others.
D) an individual's age at the time of peak cortical thickness.

Question 57

At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use ________ more and, according to fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children.

A) verbatim traces
B) elaboration
C) verbal traces
D) gist

Question 58

"What would you do if you could be invisible for a day?" is an example of a question that has many possible answers and fosters ________ thinking.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) critical
D) oblique

Question 59

________ involves knowing about knowing.

A) Cognition
B) Brainstorming
C) Metacognition
D) Metadata

Question 60

Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her

A) brainstorming ability.
B) creative thinking.
C) metamemory.
D) metadata.

Question 61

Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner?

A) intrapersonal
B) analytical
C) practical
D) creative

Question 62

Most people who suffer from organic intellectual disability have IQs between

A) 0 to 50.
B) 0 to 75.
C) 0 to 90.
D) 100 and above.

Question 63

Which of the following statements about IQ or intelligence is true?

A) Modifications in environment have no impact on one's IQ score.
B) Schooling has been shown to have no influence on intelligence.
C) The conception of intelligence is the same across cultures.
D) IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.

Question 64

Considering how early intervention programs to improve intellectual development have shown marked improvements in the IQ of participants, it can be inferred that the main reason children from low SES families earn lower scores on IQ tests is that

A) the parents have difficulty providing an intellectually stimulating environment for their children.
B) the genes for lower intelligence are passed down from the parents to the children.
C) IQ tests are culture-fair tests.
D) IQ tests fail to test for street-smarts and practical intelligence.

Question 65

Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be

A) less mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.
B) more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.
C) less mature than others, have more emotional problems than others, and grow up in a negative family climate.
D) more mature than others, have more emotional problems than others, and grow up in a negative family climate.

Question 66

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the ________ effect.

A) Binet
B) Goleman
C) Flynn
D) Wechsler

Question 67

The ________ not only provide an overall IQ score but also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak.

A) Wechsler scales
B) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales
C) Stanford-Binet tests
D) Apgar Scales

Question 68

Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 10. Sally's IQ is ________.

A) 200
B) 100
C) 80
D) 120

Question 69

It is considered difficult to create culture-fair intelligence tests because they

A) predominantly test the nonverbal skills of the test taker.
B) consider the values that are common to all test takers.
C) reflect the cultures of some test takers more than others.
D) use only standardized test items familiar to all test takers.

Question 70

Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified in Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) cultural intelligence
B) practical intelligence
C) spatial intelligence
D) verbal intelligence

Question 71

Although Casey scores only about average on standardized intelligence tests, she is street-smart and has excellent social skills and good common sense. Given a problem, Casey will try her best to arrive at a solution. Most of her friends and family appreciate this about her as she seems to be able to find ways to get things done on her own. In the context of Sternberg's theories, she has ________ intelligence.

A) spatial
B) practical
C) analytical
D) interpersonal

Question 72

Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that

A) intelligence is a general ability.
B) there are three types of intelligence.
C) intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.
D) culture plays an important role in the development of intelligence.

Question 73

Amber is given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Her mental age is determined to be 14, and her chronological age is 10. Which of the following is true of Amber?

A) Her IQ score is 86.
B) Her IQ score is about average.
C) Her IQ score is below the majority of the population.
D) Her IQ score is above the majority of the population.

Question 74

Nathan Brody and many other researchers have observed that people who excel at one type of intellectual task are

A) likely to underperform in other tasks.
B) evidence that multiple-intelligence approaches are correct.
C) proof that intelligence is a number of specific abilities.
D) likely to excel at other tasks, too.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of children with cultural-familial intellectual disability?

A) Individuals with this type of disability have IQs between 55 and 70.
B) Individuals with this type of disability are highly insensitive to what is expected of them.
C) Individuals with this type of disability often need intangible rewards-praise rather than candy.
D) Individuals with this type of disability can often be identified easily in schools, where they excel in academics.

Question 76

Howard Gardner suggests that there are ________ types of intelligence.

A) four
B) six
C) eight
D) eleven

Question 77

Aiden is 18 years old. He has always found it harder to cope with his studies than his siblings do. He is always the last to finish any assignment or task in class. In a recent IQ test, his IQ score was 60. Which of the following is true of Aiden?

A) Aiden is gifted.
B) Aiden has an intellectual disability.
C) Aiden is an introvert.
D) Aiden has dyslexia.

Question 78

According to Howard Gardner's theories, who among the following would need to have good spatial abilities to be successful?

A) journalists and authors
B) theologians and psychologists
C) botanists and landscapers
D) architects and sailors

Question 79

Colin does not get good grades on standardized tests and does not seem to be making an effort to improve his grades. He is more interested in martial arts and has earned a black belt in this field. In the context of Gardner's theories, Colin has ________.

A) spatial skills
B) intrapersonal skills
C) bodily-kinesthetic skills
D) naturalist skills

Question 80

If intelligence is assumed to be normally distributed, which of the following would you expect to find in the overall population?

A) more people of high intelligence than of low intelligence
B) more people of moderate intelligence than of high or low intelligence
C) more people of high intelligence than of moderate or low intelligence
D) more people of low intelligence than of moderate or high intelligence