Deck 2: Where Do Theories Come From

Question

Which of the following threats to internal validity is an example of the problem of experimental mortality?

A) During the implementation of a study on violence in a prison, the prison administrator is replaced
B) During a study, subjects become tired and their response time is affected
C) During a study in which students interview prison inmates, a number of student interviewers graduate and must be replaced
D) During a study comparing two groups of prison inmates, some of the members of one group are released on parole

Use Space or

to flip the card.

Question

_____________ is the process by which a concept is made measurable or a simple hypothesis is turned into one that is testable.

A) Operationalization
B) Theory building
C) Variable development
D) Pure research

Question

Which of the following is not a scientific endeavor?

A) Investigating the relationship between facts that have been gathered
B) Building a database of information
C) Investigating paranormal phenomena
D) Interrogating witnesses at a crime scene

Question

Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?

A) Increasing job opportunities will reduce crime
B) Crime rates increased in the past year
C) Poverty is a root cause of illegal drug use
D) Requiring everyone to earn a high school degree will lead to a reduction in crime

Question

The statement, "Breaking the cycle of poverty will reduce crime" is an example of a(n)

A) hypothesis.
B) theory.
C) social policy.
D) causal question.

Question

Which is the only data-gathering technique that does not produce new data?

A) Self-reporting
B) Secondary analysis
C) Case study
D) Survey research

Question

The ideas of armchair criminologists achieve acclaim in all but which of the following ways?

A) The involvement of distinguished lecturers
B) Publication in prestigious essays
C) The systematic collection of related acts
D) The association of their ideas with institutions of higher learning

Question

Because the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment had a major impact on police policy, the National Institute of Justice decided to see if the same results would be found if the study was conducted in other cities around the U.S. This is an example of the issue of

A) replicability.
B) intersubjectivity.
C) reactivity.
D) instrumentation.

Question

What is the first step in any research?

A) Develop a research design
B) Review the findings
C) Choose a data collection technique
D) Identify a problem

Question

The "evidence" in evidence-based criminology refers to

A) information obtained from witnesses to the crime.
B) fingerprints found at the crime scene.
C) experimental scientific findings.
D) social discussions.

Question

Which of the following is not a use of theory in social scientific thinking?

A) Theories supply frameworks within which concepts and variables acquire special significance
B) Theories link studies together
C) Theories can be improved through hypothesis testing
D) Theories provide patterns for the interpretation of data

Question

Evidence-based criminology is founded upon which research method?

A) Randomized, controlled experiments
B) Case studies
C) Participant observation
D) Secondary analysis of data

Question

After the results of a large research study on police procedures were publicized, the researchers were interested in determining whether the study had affected police policy. The researcher telephoned a large number of big-city police departments and asked a number of questions about department policies and procedures. This is an example of which data-gathering strategy?

A) Participant observation
B) Survey research
C) Case study
D) Secondary analysis

Question

Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics?

A) Standard deviation
B) Correlation
C) Median
D) Test of significance

Question

You are interested in determining whether allowing prison inmates to have televisions in their cells will reduce violent behavior. You measure the rate of violence in the prison, install televisions in all cells, and then measure the rate of violence again one month later to see if there has been any change. What research design have you used?

A) A controlled experiment
B) A one-group pretest-posttest design
C) A quasi-experiment
D) A life history

Question

A(n) __________ is a series of interrelated propositions which attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events.

A) hypothesis
B) theory
C) variable
D) experiment

Question

A(n) _______ research design is particularly useful when some aspects of the social setting are beyond the control of the researcher.

A) controlled experiment
B) one-group pretest-posttest
C) quasi-experimental
D) case study

Question

Which of the following threats to external validity is an example of the problem of reactive effects of experiment arrangements?

A) A pretest was conducted that sensitized the subjects to the topic of the research, so that they may have responded to the treatment differently than would individuals who did not go through the pretest
B) Defendants in a county court are allowed to choose whether or not they would like to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of a new diversion program
C) Inmates in a prison are aware that they are part of a study on prison violence and modify their behavior as a result of this awareness
D) Inmates in a prison are participating in two research studies and are simultaneously exposed to two different experimental interventions

Question

_______ research is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge.

A) Applied
B) Pure
C) Primary
D) Secondary

Question

You are interested in studying how prison inmates and correctional officers interact on a daily basis. To do this, you get a job as a correctional officer in a state prison and work there for several months. What data-gathering strategy are you employing here?

A) Participant observation
B) Survey research
C) Secondary analysis
D) Self-reporting

Question

The statement "Providing more educational opportunities to lower-income individuals will reduce crime" is a hypothesis.

Question

__________ treats numbers as having intrinsic scientific value.

A) Intersubjectivity
B) Pure research
C) Qualitative methodology
D) The mystique of quantity

Question

Which submission requirement tends to be the same for all professional refereed journals?

A) The style of the references
B) The method of submission
C) A prohibition on simultaneous submissions
D) The amount of the submission fee

Question

Which of the following sections is not always included in a research report?

A) Appendixes
B) Findings and results
C) Analysis and discussion
D) References

Question

If you conduct applied research, you are not expecting your results to have any immediate, practical application.

Question

A theory is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality.

Question

In a research report, the ________ is a brief summation of the findings of the report.

A) abstract
B) review of the existing literature
C) preface
D) analysis

Question

After research into the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. found that the program was ineffective, publication of the research results was blocked. A representative of the National Institute of Justice stated that they did not agree with one of the study's major findings. What ethical issue applies here?

A) Protection of human subjects
B) Informed consent
C) Objectivity
D) Data confidentiality

Question

A(n) _________ involves reviewing the results of other studies on a specific topic.

A) participant observation study
B) meta-analysis
C) survey
D) case study

Question

The ethnical principle of _______ means that research subjects are told about the nature of the research and their role in it

A) informed consent
B) data confidentiality
C) anonymity
D) objectivity

Question

Gathering facts is sufficient to offer a satisfactory explanation of crime.

Question

Which of the following is not a critical ethical issue for criminal justice researchers?

A) Data confidentiality
B) Protection of human subjects
C) Disclosure of research methods
D) Application of results to social policy

Question

__________ are techniques that produce measurable results which can be analyzed statistically.

A) Qualitative methods
B) Pure research methods
C) Quantitative methods
D) Participant observations

Question

A rehabilitation program is tested in a California medium security prison and found to be effective. The researchers want to know if the program will be effective in maximum security prisons in Texas. This is a question of external validity.

Question

You are conducting a simple one-group pretest-posttest research design in a police department and between the pretest and posttest, the chief of police resigns. This event may produce a confounding effect.

Question

Where are criminologists most likely to publish their research?

A) Newspapers
B) Monographs
C) Professional journals
D) Wikipedia

Question

During the Golden Age of Theory, there was a systematic attempt to link criminological research to theory.

Question

The evidence used in evidence-based criminology is the same type of evidence that is used in a criminal trial.

Question

A one-group pretest-posttest research design eliminates all other possible explanations of behavioral change.

Question

Problem identification often includes some basic statistical analyses.

Question

"Do you see what I see?" is a question that highlights the role of intersubjectivity in scientific observation.

Question

A meta-analysis is a study of other studies.

Question

A(n) ______ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.

Question

Rival explanations or competing hypotheses are known as __________.

Question

It is not necessary for a researcher to present research limitations in the final research report.

Question

During participant observation, the researcher's primary role becomes that of a member of the group he or she is observing.

Question

The best way to control the effects of biases is to be aware of them at the start of the research.

Question

_________ research methods produce subjective results.

Question

A case study focusing on a single subject is known as a __________.

Question

Properly selected control groups help criminology researchers eliminate threats to __________.

Question

In the "participant as observer" strategy, the observer goes "undercover" and joins the group, participating in their activities.

Question

Politicians frequently consult with criminologist when developing new crime legislation.

Question

Most refereed professional journals discourage simultaneous submissions.

Question

Because research subjects generally do not know that they are being studied, secondary analysis is said to be __________.

Question

The Golden Age of __________ was a time when data on crime were gathered and evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework

Question

________ such as researcher preconceptions and biases enter into all stages of the research process.

Question

Findings from qualitative studies are expressed numerically.

Question

Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ___________ method.

Question

A(n) ____ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality.

Question

Most criminological research today is intended to explore issues of __________.

Question

___________ is a strategy used to overcome many ethical issues inherent in criminological research by telling research subjects about the research and their role in it.

Question

What is a theory? What is the role of theories in the field of criminology?

Question

Ideally, criminological research should have an impact on politicians who formulate crime control ________.

Question

Explain how theory building develops in the field and contributes to social policy in criminology. Please provide examples.

Question

What are some of the values and ethics that criminologists must consider when conducting research? How are they addressed?

Question

Define the two types of validity and explain some of the factors that may threaten validity in research designs. ? How can threats to the two types of validity be addressed?

Question

Identify the threats with the type of validity they threaten

Question

Identify the four eras of criminology and discuss how they have influenced the current field of criminology today.

Question

Place the steps in the theory-building process in the proper order

Question

journals use peer reviewers to determine the quality of manuscripts submitted to them

Question

In a research report, a discussion of relevant previous research is usually found in the section ___________.

Question

Place the stages in the scientific research process in order

Question

Match between columns

Statistical regression

Prior to experiencing a treatment, subjects in a study take a pretest. This sensitizes them to the topic of the study. They may react differently to the treatment than would subjects who did not take the pretest first.

Statistical regression

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Statistical regression

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Statistical regression

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Statistical regression

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Statistical regression

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Statistical regression

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Statistical regression

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Statistical regression

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Statistical regression

A researcher conducts an experiment in a prison to determine the effect of a new treatment program. During the experiment, a large number of the inmates in the control group are released on parole, although no inmates in the experimental group are paroled during the course of the study.

Statistical regression

A researcher conducts an experiment in an elementary school to determine the effectiveness of an anti-drug education program. As there are an equal number of boys and girls in the school, the researcher finds it easier to assign all the boys to the experimental group and all the girls to the treatment group

Maturation

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Maturation

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Maturation

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Maturation

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Maturation

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Maturation

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Maturation

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Maturation

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Maturation

Instrumentation

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Instrumentation

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Instrumentation

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Instrumentation

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Instrumentation

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Instrumentation

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Instrumentation

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Instrumentation

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Instrumentation

Reactivity

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Reactivity

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Reactivity

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Reactivity

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Reactivity

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Reactivity

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Reactivity

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Reactivity

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Reactivity

History

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

History

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

History

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

History

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

History

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

History

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

History

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

History

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

History

Differential selection

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Differential selection

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Differential selection

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Differential selection

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Differential selection

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Differential selection

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Differential selection

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Differential selection

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Differential selection

Multiple-treatment interference

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Multiple-treatment interference

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Multiple-treatment interference

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Multiple-treatment interference

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Multiple-treatment interference

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Multiple-treatment interference

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Multiple-treatment interference

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Multiple-treatment interference

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Multiple-treatment interference

Experimenter bias

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Experimenter bias

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Experimenter bias

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Experimenter bias

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Experimenter bias

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Experimenter bias

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Experimenter bias

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Experimenter bias

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Experimenter bias

Pretest effects

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Pretest effects

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Pretest effects

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Pretest effects

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Pretest effects

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Pretest effects

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Pretest effects

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Pretest effects

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Pretest effects

Experimental mortality

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Experimental mortality

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Experimental mortality

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Experimental mortality

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Experimental mortality

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Experimental mortality

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Experimental mortality

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Experimental mortality

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Experimental mortality

Self-selection

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Self-selection

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Self-selection

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Self-selection

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Self-selection

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Self-selection

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Self-selection

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Self-selection

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Self-selection

Question

Match between columns

Primary research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Primary research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Primary research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Primary research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

Pure research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Pure research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Pure research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Pure research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

Secondary research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Secondary research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Secondary research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Secondary research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

Applied research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Applied research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Applied research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Applied research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

Question

Match between columns

Participant observation

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Participant observation

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Participant observation

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Participant observation

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Participant observation

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

Self-reporting

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Self-reporting

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Self-reporting

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Self-reporting

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Self-reporting

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

Case studies

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Case studies

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Case studies

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Case studies

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Case studies

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

Secondary analysis

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Secondary analysis

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Secondary analysis

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Secondary analysis

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Secondary analysis

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

The use of questionnaires to gather data

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

Question

Match between columns

Disclaimers/limitations

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Disclaimers/limitations

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Disclaimers/limitations

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Disclaimers/limitations

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Disclaimers/limitations

A brief summary of the report’s findings

Statement of hypothesis

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Statement of hypothesis

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Statement of hypothesis

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Statement of hypothesis

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Statement of hypothesis

A brief summary of the report’s findings

List of references

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

List of references

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

List of references

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

List of references

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

List of references

A brief summary of the report’s findings

Review of existing literature

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Review of existing literature

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Review of existing literature

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Review of existing literature

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Review of existing literature

A brief summary of the report’s findings

Abstract

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Abstract

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Abstract

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Abstract

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Abstract

A brief summary of the report’s findings

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Deck 2: Where Do Theories Come From

Which of the following threats to internal validity is an example of the problem of experimental mortality?

_____________ is the process by which a concept is made measurable or a simple hypothesis is turned into one that is testable.

A) Operationalization
B) Theory building
C) Variable development
D) Pure research

Which of the following is not a scientific endeavor?

A) Investigating the relationship between facts that have been gathered
B) Building a database of information
C) Investigating paranormal phenomena
D) Interrogating witnesses at a crime scene

Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?

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The statement, "Breaking the cycle of poverty will reduce crime" is an example of a(n)

A) hypothesis.
B) theory.
C) social policy.
D) causal question.

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Which is the only data-gathering technique that does not produce new data?

A) Self-reporting
B) Secondary analysis
C) Case study
D) Survey research

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The ideas of armchair criminologists achieve acclaim in all but which of the following ways?

A) The involvement of distinguished lecturers
B) Publication in prestigious essays
C) The systematic collection of related acts
D) The association of their ideas with institutions of higher learning

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A) replicability.
B) intersubjectivity.
C) reactivity.
D) instrumentation.

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What is the first step in any research?

A) Develop a research design
B) Review the findings
C) Choose a data collection technique
D) Identify a problem

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The "evidence" in evidence-based criminology refers to

A) information obtained from witnesses to the crime.
B) fingerprints found at the crime scene.
C) experimental scientific findings.
D) social discussions.

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Which of the following is not a use of theory in social scientific thinking?

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Evidence-based criminology is founded upon which research method?

A) Randomized, controlled experiments
B) Case studies
C) Participant observation
D) Secondary analysis of data

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A) Participant observation
B) Survey research
C) Case study
D) Secondary analysis

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Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics?

A) Standard deviation
B) Correlation
C) Median
D) Test of significance

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A) A controlled experiment
B) A one-group pretest-posttest design
C) A quasi-experiment
D) A life history

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A(n) __________ is a series of interrelated propositions which attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events.

A) hypothesis
B) theory
C) variable
D) experiment

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A(n) _______ research design is particularly useful when some aspects of the social setting are beyond the control of the researcher.

A) controlled experiment
B) one-group pretest-posttest
C) quasi-experimental
D) case study

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Which of the following threats to external validity is an example of the problem of reactive effects of experiment arrangements?

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_______ research is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge.

A) Applied
B) Pure
C) Primary
D) Secondary

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A) Participant observation
B) Survey research
C) Secondary analysis
D) Self-reporting

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The statement "Providing more educational opportunities to lower-income individuals will reduce crime" is a hypothesis.

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__________ treats numbers as having intrinsic scientific value.

A) Intersubjectivity
B) Pure research
C) Qualitative methodology
D) The mystique of quantity

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Which submission requirement tends to be the same for all professional refereed journals?

A) The style of the references
B) The method of submission
C) A prohibition on simultaneous submissions
D) The amount of the submission fee

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Which of the following sections is not always included in a research report?

A) Appendixes
B) Findings and results
C) Analysis and discussion
D) References

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If you conduct applied research, you are not expecting your results to have any immediate, practical application.

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A theory is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality.

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In a research report, the ________ is a brief summation of the findings of the report.

A) abstract
B) review of the existing literature
C) preface
D) analysis

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A) Protection of human subjects
B) Informed consent
C) Objectivity
D) Data confidentiality

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A(n) _________ involves reviewing the results of other studies on a specific topic.

A) participant observation study
B) meta-analysis
C) survey
D) case study

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The ethnical principle of _______ means that research subjects are told about the nature of the research and their role in it

A) informed consent
B) data confidentiality
C) anonymity
D) objectivity

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Gathering facts is sufficient to offer a satisfactory explanation of crime.

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Which of the following is not a critical ethical issue for criminal justice researchers?

A) Data confidentiality
B) Protection of human subjects
C) Disclosure of research methods
D) Application of results to social policy

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__________ are techniques that produce measurable results which can be analyzed statistically.

A) Qualitative methods
B) Pure research methods
C) Quantitative methods
D) Participant observations

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Where are criminologists most likely to publish their research?

A) Newspapers
B) Monographs
C) Professional journals
D) Wikipedia

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During the Golden Age of Theory, there was a systematic attempt to link criminological research to theory.

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The evidence used in evidence-based criminology is the same type of evidence that is used in a criminal trial.

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A one-group pretest-posttest research design eliminates all other possible explanations of behavioral change.

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Problem identification often includes some basic statistical analyses.

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"Do you see what I see?" is a question that highlights the role of intersubjectivity in scientific observation.

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A meta-analysis is a study of other studies.

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A(n) ______ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation.

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Rival explanations or competing hypotheses are known as __________.

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It is not necessary for a researcher to present research limitations in the final research report.

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During participant observation, the researcher's primary role becomes that of a member of the group he or she is observing.

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The best way to control the effects of biases is to be aware of them at the start of the research.

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_________ research methods produce subjective results.

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A case study focusing on a single subject is known as a __________.

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Properly selected control groups help criminology researchers eliminate threats to __________.

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In the "participant as observer" strategy, the observer goes "undercover" and joins the group, participating in their activities.

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Politicians frequently consult with criminologist when developing new crime legislation.

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Most refereed professional journals discourage simultaneous submissions.

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Because research subjects generally do not know that they are being studied, secondary analysis is said to be __________.

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The Golden Age of __________ was a time when data on crime were gathered and evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework

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________ such as researcher preconceptions and biases enter into all stages of the research process.

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Findings from qualitative studies are expressed numerically.

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Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ___________ method.

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A(n) ____ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality.

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Most criminological research today is intended to explore issues of __________.

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___________ is a strategy used to overcome many ethical issues inherent in criminological research by telling research subjects about the research and their role in it.

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What is a theory? What is the role of theories in the field of criminology?

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Ideally, criminological research should have an impact on politicians who formulate crime control ________.

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Explain how theory building develops in the field and contributes to social policy in criminology. Please provide examples.

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What are some of the values and ethics that criminologists must consider when conducting research? How are they addressed?

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Define the two types of validity and explain some of the factors that may threaten validity in research designs. ? How can threats to the two types of validity be addressed?

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Identify the threats with the type of validity they threaten

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Identify the four eras of criminology and discuss how they have influenced the current field of criminology today.

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Place the steps in the theory-building process in the proper order

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journals use peer reviewers to determine the quality of manuscripts submitted to them

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In a research report, a discussion of relevant previous research is usually found in the section ___________.

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Place the stages in the scientific research process in order

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Match between columns

Statistical regression

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Statistical regression

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Statistical regression

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Statistical regression

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Statistical regression

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Statistical regression

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Statistical regression

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Statistical regression

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Statistical regression

Maturation

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Maturation

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Maturation

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Maturation

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Maturation

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Maturation

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Maturation

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Maturation

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Maturation

Instrumentation

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Instrumentation

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Instrumentation

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Instrumentation

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Instrumentation

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Instrumentation

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Instrumentation

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Instrumentation

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Instrumentation

Reactivity

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Reactivity

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Reactivity

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Reactivity

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Reactivity

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Reactivity

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Reactivity

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Reactivity

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Reactivity

History

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

History

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

History

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

History

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

History

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

History

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

History

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

History

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

History

Differential selection

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Differential selection

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Differential selection

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Differential selection

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Differential selection

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Differential selection

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Differential selection

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Differential selection

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Differential selection

Multiple-treatment interference

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Multiple-treatment interference

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Multiple-treatment interference

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Multiple-treatment interference

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Multiple-treatment interference

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Multiple-treatment interference

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Multiple-treatment interference

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Multiple-treatment interference

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Multiple-treatment interference

Experimenter bias

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Experimenter bias

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Experimenter bias

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Experimenter bias

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Experimenter bias

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Experimenter bias

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Experimenter bias

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Experimenter bias

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Experimenter bias

Pretest effects

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Pretest effects

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Pretest effects

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Pretest effects

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Pretest effects

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Pretest effects

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Pretest effects

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Pretest effects

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Pretest effects

Experimental mortality

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Experimental mortality

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Experimental mortality

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Experimental mortality

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Experimental mortality

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Experimental mortality

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Experimental mortality

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Experimental mortality

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Experimental mortality

Self-selection

A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement.

Self-selection

A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally.

Self-selection

Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate.

Self-selection

During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses

Self-selection

During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced.

Self-selection

While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically.

Self-selection

The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study.

Self-selection

A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme.

Self-selection

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Match between columns

Primary research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Primary research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Primary research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Primary research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

Pure research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Pure research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Pure research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Pure research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

Secondary research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Secondary research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Secondary research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Secondary research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

Applied research

Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind

Applied research

Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge

Applied research

Research characterized by original and direct investigation

Applied research

Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers

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Match between columns

Participant observation

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Participant observation

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Participant observation

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Participant observation

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Participant observation

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

Self-reporting

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Self-reporting

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Self-reporting

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Self-reporting

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Self-reporting

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

Case studies

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Case studies

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Case studies

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Case studies

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Case studies

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

Secondary analysis

The use of questionnaires to gather data

Secondary analysis

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Secondary analysis

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

Secondary analysis

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Secondary analysis

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

The use of questionnaires to gather data

The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities

Examining pre-existing data in new ways

An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group

Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity

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Match between columns

Disclaimers/limitations

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Disclaimers/limitations

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Disclaimers/limitations

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Disclaimers/limitations

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Disclaimers/limitations

A brief summary of the report’s findings

Statement of hypothesis

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Statement of hypothesis

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Statement of hypothesis

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Statement of hypothesis

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Statement of hypothesis

A brief summary of the report’s findings

List of references

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

List of references

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

List of references

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

List of references

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

List of references

A brief summary of the report’s findings

Review of existing literature

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Review of existing literature

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Review of existing literature

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Review of existing literature

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Review of existing literature

A brief summary of the report’s findings

Abstract

Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report

Abstract

A statement of what is being tested in the research study

Abstract

A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research

Abstract

A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results

Abstract

A brief summary of the report’s findings

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