Deck 6: Physiological Measurement and Monitoring Devices

Question 1

Which of the following reference electrodes does the PCO₂ system use?

A) calomel electrode
B) Clark electrode
C) Severinghaus electrode
D) silver/silver chloride electrode

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A PCO₂ measuring system measures PCO₂:

A) directly
B) indirectly
C) proportionally
D) percent

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following are volume-displacement measuring devices?
I. water seal spirometer
II. Fleisch pneumotachometer
III. dry rolling seal spirometer
IV. thermal anemometer

A) I and II
B) I and III
C) II and III
D) II and IV

Answer 3

I and III

Question 4

Which of the following uses a differential pressure to measure flow?

A) pitot tube flow sensor
B) vane-type respirometer
C) thermal anemometer
D) mass flow sensor

Question 5

Which of the following are indications for arterial blood gas analysis according to the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) Clinical Practice Guideline: Blood Gas Analysis and Hemoximeter: 2001 Revision and Update?
I. Assess a patient's ventilatory status.
II. Assess a patient's acid-base status.
III. Assess a patient's oxygenation status.
IV. Monitor response to therapeutic intervention.

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 6

Which of the following are criteria for the design of a reference cell for pH/blood gas analysis?
I. Reaction is reversible.
II. Reaction is stable.
III. Reaction is reproducible.

A) I
B) I and II
C) II and III
D) I, II, and III

Question 7

You are instructing a patient to use a Wright respirometer to measure a vital capacity. Which of the following should you include in your instructions to your patient?
I. Blow slowly and gently when you exhale.
II. Inhale completely until your lungs are full.
III. Blow as hard and as fast as you can.
IV. Keep blowing until your lungs are completely empty.

A) I and II
B) II and III
C) I, II, and IV
D) II, III, and IV

Question 8

Which of the following are flow-measuring devices?
I. water seal spirometer
II. Fleisch pneumotachometer
III. dry rolling seal spirometer
IV. thermal anemometer

A) I and II
B) I and III
C) II and III
D) II and IV

Question 9

Which of the following would be an electrical principle of operation used by an oxygen analyzer?

A) galvanic
B) paramagnetism
C) polarographic
D) thermoconductivity

Question 10

Which of the following are components to a pH-measuring system in a blood gas analyzer?
I. pH glass
II. calomel reference electrode
III. pH-measuring electrode
IV. salt bridge

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 11

Which of the following uses a thermistor to measure flow?

A) pitot tube flow sensor
B) Fleisch pneumotachometer
C) thermal anemometer
D) venturi pneumotachometer

Question 12

A Wright respirometer is most accurate between the flow rates of:

A) 0 and 10 L/min
B) 10 and 20 L/min
C) 20 and 30 L/min
D) 30 and 20 L/min

Question 13

Which of the following methods of measuring oxygen concentration is dependent upon an electrochemical reaction generating free electrons?

A) galvanic
B) paramagnetism
C) polarographic
D) thermoconductivity

Question 14

Which of the following would be a physical principle of operation used by an oxygen analyzer?

A) galvanic
B) paramagnetism
C) polarographic
D) thermoconductivity

Question 15

Which of the following would be an electrochemical principle of operation used by an oxygen analyzer?

A) galvanic
B) paramagnetism
C) polarographic
D) thermoconductivity

Question 16

The PCO₂ system's membrane is made of:

A) polypropylene
B) nylon
C) Teflon
D) zirconium

Question 17

Which of the following gas laws does a body plethysmograph use to determine thoracic gas volume (V_TG)?

A) Boyle's law
B) Charles' law
C) Guy-Lussac's law
D) Henry's law

Question 18

Which of the following reference electrodes does the pH (Sanz) system use?

A) calomel electrode
B) Clark electrode
C) Severinghaus electrode
D) Silver/silver chloride electrode

Question 19

Which of the following are advantages of a Stead-Wells water seal spirometer compared with a chain-compensated water seal spirometer?
I. higher frequency response
II. can measure subtle flow rates
III. less affected by inertia
IV. more accurate volume measurement

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 20

You are going to assess the effect of a small-volume nebulizer treatment with a bronchodilator. Which of the following will give you the best measure of the bronchodilator's effect?

A) a pulse oximeter
B) an end-tidal CO₂ monitor
C) a Wright respirometer
D) a peak flowmeter

Question 21

How do end-tidal CO₂ monitors measure the CO₂ in the exhaled gas?

A) photochemical cells
B) electrochemical cells
C) infrared photospectrometry
D) thermoconductivity

Question 22

The barometric pressure is 745 mmHg, and you are calibrating a blood gas instrument with a mixture of 5% PCO₂ and 10% O₂. What are your expected calibration results?
I. 37.3 mmHg
II. 74.5 mmHg
III. 34.9 mmHg
IV. 69.8 mmHg

A) I and II
B) I and IV
C) II and III
D) III and IV

Question 23

A co-oximeter can provide a measurement of all hemoglobin variants, while a pulse oximeter can only measure functional hemoglobin. Why does a pulse oximeter only measure functional hemoglobin?

A) It uses four wavelengths of light.
B) It uses two wavelengths of light.
C) It doesn't measure a hemolized sample.
D) none of the above

Question 24

When hooking up a patient to an impedance plethysmographic apnea monitor:

A) the red electrode is on the left
B) the black electrode is on the right
C) the red electrode is on the right
D) the white electrode is on the right

Question 25

The barometric pressure is 760 mmHg, and you are calibrating a blood gas instrument with a mixture of 5% PCO₂ and 10% O₂. What are your expected calibration results?
I. 38.0 mmHg
II. 76.0 mmHg
III. 35.7 mmHg
IV. 71.3 mmHg

A) I and II
B) I and IV
C) II and III
D) III and IV

Question 26

Six or more quality-control results moving toward one side of the mean is termed:

A) a shift
B) a trend
C) an average
D) a standard deviation

Question 27

Which of the following hemoglobin variants cannot combine reversibly with oxygen?
I. reduced hemoglobin
II. oxyhemoglobin
III. methemoglobin
IV. carboxyhemoglobin

A) I and II
B) I and III
C) II and III
D) III and IV

Question 28

What percent of quality-control results will fall outside of plus or minus 2 standard deviations from the mean?

A) 2.5%
B) 5%
C) 7.5%
D) 10%

Question 29

What are the indications for pulse oximetry according to the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) Clinical Practice Guideline: Pulse Oximetry?
I. need to monitor oxyhemoglobin saturation
II. need to assess response to therapeutic intervention
III. need to comply with mandated regulations and recommendations

A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II only
D) I, II, and III only

Question 30

What are the limitations to pulse oximetry according to the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) Clinical Practice Guideline: Pulse Oximetry?
I. motion artifact
II. abnormal hemoglobins
III. ambient light
IV. intravascular dyes

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II and III
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 31

Indirect calorimetry may be used to assess:
I. O₂ consumption
II CO₂ production
III. resting energy expenditure
IV. tidal and minute volumes

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II and III
D) I, II, III and IV

Question 32

A method of quality control that equilibrates whole blood with a known gas concentration is termed:

A) analysis control
B) trending
C) aqueous controls
D) tonometry

Question 33

If a transcutaneous electrode is responding slowly you should:
I. remembrane the electrode
II. recalibrate the electrode
III. change the electrode site

A) I only
B) II only
C) I and II only
D) I, II, and III only

Question 34

A non-invasive method of measuring PO₂ and PCO₂ respectively using a miniaturized version of a Clark and Severinghaus electrode is:

A) pulse oximetry
B) end-tidal CO₂ monitoring
C) capnography
D) transcutaneous monitoring

Question 35

A means of plotting quality-control results graphically about the mean is termed:

A) standard deviation
B) charting
C) a Levy-Jennings chart
D) a plethysmographic chart

Question 36

Most apnea monitors operate using the principle of:
I. body plethysmography
II. impedance plethysmography
III. inductive plethysmography
IV. capnometry

A) I and II
B) II and III
C) I and III
D) III and IV

Question 37

Which of the following are techniques used by nitric-oxide monitoring equipment?
I. electrochemical
II. spectrophotometry
III. chemiluminescence
IV. thermoconductivity

A) I and II
B) I and III
C) II and III
D) II and IV

Question 38

Six or more quality-control results on the same side of the mean is termed:

A) a shift
B) a trend
C) an average
D) a standard deviation

Question 39

Which of the following is used by the PO₂ electrode as a membrane?

A) polypropylene
B) nylon
C) Teflon
D) zirconium

Question 40

Why must the electrode of a transcutaneous monitor be moved frequently to different locations on the patient's skin?

A) It fails to measure PO₂ and PCO₂ anymore.
B) It will drift over time.
C) It causes a pigment change on the skin.
D) It may cause burns.

Question 41

Which of the following pulse oximeters can measure carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)?

A) Nonin Onyx
B) Nonin 8500M
C) Masimo Rad-57
D) none of the above

Question 42

Which of the following are true regarding home sleep monitors?
I. Oxygen saturation is monitored.
II. Snoring is monitored.
III. Abdominal effort is monitored.
IV. Airflow is monitored.

A) I
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 43

Which of the following oximeters would be classified as a "finger tip" oximeter?

A) Nonin Onyx
B) Nonin 8500M
C) Masimo Rad-57
D) none of the above

Question 44

Which of the following should be performed when calibrating an oxygen analyzer?

A) Expose the sensor to 100% oxygen in a loosely closed container.
B) Expose the sensor to 21% oxygen.
C) Both a and b
D) none of the above