Deck 30: An Introduction to Animals

Question 1

Bilateral symmetry is advantageous primarily because it allows for the development of

A) duplicate body parts in case of injury.
B) limbs for the infant to attach to a parent.
C) a specialized head and posterior.
D) a specialized body cavity.
E) a hydrostatic skeleton.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Figure 30.2
Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in Figure 30.2 above?

A) bilateral symmetry
B) coelom
C) protostome development
D) segmentation
E) tissue

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Lophotrochozoans differ from ecdysozoans in that

A) lophotrochozoans grow their skeletons continuously, while ecdysozoans shed their external skeletons to grow.
B) lophotrochozoans exhibit segmentation, while ecdysozoans do not.
C) lophotrochozoans have pseudocoeloms, while ecdysozoans have coeloms.
D) lophotrochozoans undergo protostome development, while ecdysozoans undergo deuterostome development.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Suppose a researcher for a pest- control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works?

A) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle function.
B) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma.
C) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all.
D) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function.

Question 5

The text describes four ways, or tactics, of feeding. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways?

A) suspension feeding
B) herbivory feeding
C) deposit feeding
D) food- mass feeding
E) fluid feeding

Question 6

The evolution of animal species has been prolific the estimates go into the millions and tens of millions). To what does the text attribute much of this diversity?

A) a large variety of methods for capturing and processing food
B) a large variety of body plans
C) novel reproductive strategies
D) the development of multiple tissue types
E) a complex nervous system providing the intelligence for survival in difficult times

Question 7

Why might researchers choose to use molecular data such as ribosomal RNA sequences) rather than morphological data to study the evolutionary history of animals?

A) Some phyla vary too widely in morphological characteristics to be classified accurately.
B) Sequence data can be gathered faster than morphological data, and morphological data can lead to wrong conclusions.
C) Molecular data can be gathered in the lab, while morphological data must be gathered in the field.
D) Morphological changes usually don't result from molecular changes.

Question 8

Which of the following species would you not classify as an animal?

A) sponges
B) blue whales
C) choanoflagellates
D) horses

Question 9

The embryo doesn't grow larger during the stage known as cleavage. What is going on in the embryo during this process?

A) Cleavage is the process by which the polarity of the cell is established; that is, the anterior is distinguished from the posterior.
B) The cells are dividing at this stage, but all the cytoplasm is being split between resulting cells without the formation of new cytoplasm.
C) Cleavage is just the stage at which cells begin to differentiate; that is, endodermal cells start to look different from ectodermal and mesodermal cells.
D) Cleavage is the formation of the gastropore that is used to differentiate protostomes and deuterostomes.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a feature of the tube- within- a- tube body plan in most animals?

A) The inner tube consists of digestive organs.
B) Typically, the mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.
C) The two "tubes" are separated by mesoderm tissue.
D) Typically, the outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton.

Question 11

As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash- lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms and, as a student of biology, you decide to survey them with the aid of the Insta- Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in Figure 30.1.
Which organism would you classify as an animal?

A) organism A
B) organism B
C) organism C

Question 12

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is/are true?
1) Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.
2) All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect.
3) Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic.
4) Animals only reproduce sexually.
5) Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

A) 3 and 5
B) 5 only
C) 1 and 2
D) 2 and 4
E) 3, 4, and 5

Question 13

From the information provided in the figure above, how would you classify the feeding strategy of organism C?

A) suspension feeding
B) predation
C) parasitism
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 14

Which tissue type, or organ, is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?

A) stomach-endoderm
B) skin-ectoderm
C) muscular-mesoderm
D) nervous-mesoderm
E) skeletal-mesoderm

Question 15

Use Figure 30.3 and the following information when answering the next question.
In a review paper published in 2000, Adoutte et al. examined some animal phylogenies generated by comparing the ribosoma rRNA) of animals from many different phyla. They then integrated these independently created phylogenies into one phylog best fit all the data.
Figure 30.4 compares a traditional phylogeny based on morphological characteristics A) to the new molecular- based phylog described by Adoutte et al. B).
Note that platyhelminthes, nemerteans, and entoprocts, which do not have coeloms and are classified as acoelomates in the morphological phylogeny, are reclassified as lophotrochozoans in the molecular phylogeny. Similarly, groups classified as pseudocoelomates in the morphological phylogeny are reclassified as either lophotrochozoans or ecdysozoans in the molecula phylogeny; other lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans have coeloms. Copyright 2000 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.
A. Adoutte, G. Balavoine, N. Lartillot, O. Lespinet, B. Prud'homme, and R. de Rosa. 2000. The new animal phylogeny.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 979):4453- 56.)
Figure 30.3
What does this reclassification based on molecular data imply about the evolution of acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates?

A) Pseudocoelomates can be seen as an intermediate stage between acoelomate and coelomate development.
B) Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates.
C) Although acoelomates and pseudocoelomates evolved only once, coelomates evolved multiple times in different lineages.
D) Only the animals that evolved earliest are acoelomates.

Question 16

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

A) There is a well- developed coelom.
B) The mouth develops first, and the anus develops later.
C) There is evidence of cephalization.
D) The animal is triploblastic.
E) The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical.

Question 17

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you not use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome?

A) See whether the coelom is formed from a split in the mesoderm or from mesodermal pockets pinched off the gut.
B) See whether the animal exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage during early development.
C) See whether the pore formed during gastrulation becomes the mature animal's mouth or its anus.
D) See whether the ectoderm forms the mature animal's skin/exoskeleton or nervous system.

Question 18

Which one of the following objects most closely resembles the pattern of the tube- within- a- tube body plan?

A) a bowling ball with finger holes drilled)
B) a pipe with a straw inside
C) a soda can with the tab removed
D) a cup with a straw in it

Question 19

If you think of the tube- within- a- tube body plan as a pipe with a straw inside, where would you expect to find most of the ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal germ layers, respectively?

A) straw; space between pipe and straw; pipe
B) pipe; straw; space inside of straw
C) space inside of straw; straw; space between pipe and straw
D) pipe; space between pipe and straw; straw

Question 20

Which of the following combinations of embryonic features is common in the deuterostomes?

A) spiral cleavage and the gastrulation pore or gastropore) becomes the anus
B) spiral cleavage and the absence of gastropore formation
C) radial cleavage and the gastropore becomes the mouth
D) radial cleavage and the gastropore becomes the anus
E) absence of cleavage and gastropore becomes the anus

Question 21

Suppose all of the suspension feeders were removed from a lake. What would you expect to happen after a brief period of time?

A) The water would become murkier.
B) The water would become clearer.
C) The water would remain the same.

Question 22

A typical ectoparasite has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT that it

A) lacks a digestive system.
B) feeds from an organism larger than itself.
C) has piercing mouthparts.
D) grasps its host with its legs or mouth.
E) lives outside its host.

Question 23

What do all sponges have in common?

A) They all live on the bottom of an aquatic environment.
B) All adults are free swimming.
C) They all practice external fertilization.
D) They all have three germ layers.
E) They always reproduce sexually.

Question 24

Which of the following feeding tactics is consistent with this list of features: two- part stomach capable of breaking down tough food particles; simple mouthparts; the ability to burrow through, and consume, indigestible fecal material to get to hidden food?

A) food- mass feeder
B) suspension feeder
C) deposit feeder
D) fluid feeder

Question 25

Which feeding tactic is most associated with a large- toothed, predatory carnivore?

A) suspension feeder
B) deposit feeder
C) fluid feeder
D) food- mass feeder

Question 26

Which reproductive strategy is facilitated by i.e. is easier to use in) an aquatic habitat, as compared with a terrestrial habitat?

A) asexual reproduction
B) external fertilization
C) internal fertilization
D) viviparity
E) sexual reproduction

Question 27

Parasitism is one of the most successful life strategies ever to evolve. Which of the following is consistent with this finding?

A) Parasites do not generally kill their hosts, thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers.
B) Parasites, unlike predators, feed on almost all the tissues of their host.
C) Parasites generally kill their host and can feed for a very long time because they are much smaller than their host.
D) Parasites almost always predigest their hosts' tissues and, therefore, spend less energy and require fewer structural adaptations.

Question 28

To reproduce, many plants produce seeds-structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?

A) oviparous reproduction
B) viviparous reproduction
C) ovoviviparous reproduction

Question 29

Most fish deposit fertilized eggs, but some sharks keep the fertilized egg inside the female until she gives birth to a relatively well- developed pup. How would these sharks be characterized?

A) viviparous
B) ovoviviparous
C) live- bearing
D) oviparous

Question 30

Suppose you came across a novel organism you suspected belonged to one of the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, or Acoelomorpha. Which of the following characteristics would not be helpful in placing the organism into the correct phylum?

A) whether the organism has a coelom
B) the organism's habitat
C) the organism's feeding strategy
D) whether the organism has a gut
E) whether adults are sessile or motile

Question 31

All of the following are true about choanoflagellates EXCEPT

A) they are animals.
B) they reproduce asexually.
C) they are sessile as adults.
D) they live in aquatic habitats.
E) they are suspension feeders.

Question 32

Limbs-especially jointed limbs-are an important evolutionary development because they allow animals to

A) undergo complete metamorphosis.
B) have young disperse from sessile adults.
C) develop an endoskeleton.
D) move quickly and precisely.
E) inhabit aquatic environments.

Question 33

Due to its unusual habitat inside the digestive tracts of other animals), the tapeworm lacks

A) a head.
B) a mouth.
C) a digestive tract.
D) B and C
E) A, B, and C

Question 34

Why are healthy corals brightly coloured?

A) Corals secrete colourful pigments to attract mates.
B) Corals build their skeletons from colourful minerals.
C) Corals host symbionts with colourful photosynthetic pigments.
D) Corals secrete colourful pigments to warn predators that they are poisonous.
E) Corals secrete colourful pigments to protect themselves from UV light.

Question 35

Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the development of these toxins?

A) the medusa body form
B) asexual reproduction
C) diploblastic design
D) bilateral symmetry in the mobile larval forms
E) a slow- moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult

Question 36

Comb jellies may not be the most familiar animal to you, but they are critical in the food chain because they make up a significant portion of the planktonic biomass. Their feeding strategy is predatory and involves adhesives or mucous on their tentacles or other body parts. What feeding tactic do these animals use?

A) suspension feeder
B) fluid feeder
C) food- mass feeder
D) deposit feeder

Question 37

$\begin{array} { l l } { \text { Phylum } } & { \text { Dll Activity in Developing } } \\&\text { Appendages }\\ \text {Annelida}&\text {Yes}\\ \text {Arthropoda}&\text {Yes}\\ \text {Chordata}&\text {No}\\ \text {Echinodermata}&\text {No}\\ \text {Mollusca}&\text {Yes}\end{array}$ Figure 30.4

-Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in animals from many other phyla as well, supporting the hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the results shown in Figure 30.4.
What would these results suggest?

A) All animal appendages are homologous.
B) Appendages coevolved with segmentation.
C) Dll is not actually involved in appendage development.
D) Appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes.

Question 38

What would an adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry most likely be?

A) triploblastic
B) a coelomate
C) a deuterostome
D) diploblastic

Question 39

Which of the following is true about sponges? Sponges

A) have feeding cells called spicules.
B) have a nerve net but not a central nervous system.
C) have larvae that are motile and move via the motion of cilia.
D) are the simplest diploblastic animals.
E) exhibit bilateral symmetry.

Question 40

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also

A) is diploblastic.
B) is bilaterally symmetrical.
C) is segmented.
D) has a hydrostatic skeleton.
E) has a coelom.

Question 41

Although our current understanding of why coral bleaching occurs is incomplete, which of the following is consistent with the most commonly held hypothesis of this phenomenon as discussed in your text?

A) As the number of planktonic, photosynthetic organisms available decreases due to increased predation, fewer symbionts are available for the corals to associate with.
B) As pollutants and global temperatures continue to rise, corals will have more difficulty manufacturing the photosynthetic pigments they need to produce their own food.
C) As the number of pollutants dumped into the world's oceans increases, more and more corals will use symbionts that are not photosynthetic.
D) As global temperatures continue to rise, corals will expel more of their colourful, photosynthetic symbionts.

Question 42

If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax.
B) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded.
C) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.
D) The fossil record will henceforth be ignored.
E) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete.