Deck 32: Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Question 1

What do tendons hold together?

A)bones to other bones
B)muscles to bones
C)muscles to other muscles
D)skin to other organs

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Connective tissues typically have

A)many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells.
B)an apical side and a basal side.
C)the ability to shorten upon stimulation.
D)relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.
E)the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A collection of tissues functioning together is an

A)organ.
B)organ system.
C)organelle.
D)organism.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An example of a homeostatic response is

A)an increase in body temperature that results from involuntary shivering.
B)an increase in body temperature that results from exercise.
C)the rising sun causing an increase in body temperature in a stationary animal.
D)a fish in the ocean moving toward shallower waters to warm up.

Question 5

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when

A)the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 42°C.
B)the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.
C)a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water.
D)blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume.
E)the level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal has been eaten.

Question 6

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

A)its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.
B)it contains more than one type of cell.
C)it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body.
D)its cells can move from place to place.
E)it is found within all the organs of the body.

Question 7

An example of connective tissue is (are)

A)the skin.
B)nerves.
C)blood.
D)skeletal muscles.

Question 8

An animal body's automatic maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

A)positive feedback.
B)negative feedback.
C)homeostasis.
D)thermoregulation.

Question 9

Interstitial fluid is

A)the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra.
B)the internal environment inside animal cells.
C)identical to the composition of blood.
D)the fluid that surrounds body cells.

Question 10

What type of muscle tissue is found lining the walls of many internal organs such as blood vessels and the digestive tract?

A)skeletal muscle
B)cardiac muscle
C)smooth muscle
D)intestinal muscle

Question 11

The absorptive epithelial cells lining the inner wall of the alimentary canal (digestive tract)are considered "polarized" because

A)they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood.
B)the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different.
C)they must initiate action potentials to absorb most nutrients.
D)the structures on the apical surface are different from those on the basal surface.

Question 12

Fibroblasts secrete

A)fats.
B)plasma.
C)interstitial fluids.
D)collagen.

Question 13

With its abundance of collagenous fibers,cartilage is an example of

A)connective tissue.
B)muscle tissue.
C)nervous tissue.
D)epithelial tissue.

Question 14

The nourishment,insulation,and support for neurons are the result of activity by

A)adipose tissue.
B)the endocrine system.
C)fibroblasts.
D)glia.

Question 15

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the

A)lungs.
B)skeletal muscles.
C)liver.
D)heart.
E)brain.

Question 16

Which of the following has (have)both endocrine and exocrine activity?

A)the pituitary gland
B)parathyroid glands
C)salivary glands
D)the pancreas
E)adrenal glands

Question 17

All types of muscle tissue have

A)nonstriated banding patterns seen under the microscope.
B)striated banding patterns seen under the microscope.
C)cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated.
D)a response that can be consciously controlled.
E)interactions between actin and myosin fibers.

Question 18

In a cold environment that supports life,an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equal size endotherm because the ectotherm

A)expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm.
B)invests less energy in temperature regulation.
C)metabolizes its stored energy more readily than does the endotherm.
D)has greater insulation on its body surface.

Question 19

If you gently twist your earlobe,it does not remain twisted or in an abnormal position because it contains

A)epithelial tissue.
B)connective tissue.
C)muscle tissue.
D)nervous tissue.

Question 20

Penguins,seals,and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming because

A)all share a common ancestor at some point in the past.
B)all of their bodies have evolved to allow rapid swimming because of their predator/prey interactions over time.
C)the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.
D)this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water.

Question 21

Seasonal changes in snake activity are due to the fact that snakes are

A)less active in winter because the food supply is decreased.
B)less active in winter because they do not need to avoid predators.
C)more active in summer because that is the period for mating.
D)more active in summer because they can gain body heat by conduction.

Question 22

Different cells in the body are able to uniquely respond to the same hormones because

A)different target cells have different sets of genes.
B)each cell converts that hormone to a different metabolite.
C)different target cells may use different signal transduction pathways.

Question 23

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals,and it also regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish.Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates that prolactin

A)is a nonspecific hormone.
B)has a unique mechanism for eliciting its effects.
C)is an evolutionarily conserved hormone.
D)is derived from two separate sources.
E)interacts with many different receptor molecules.

Question 24

During mammalian labor and delivery,the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced partly by the actions of oxytocin.This is an example of

A)a negative feedback system.
B)a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop.
C)signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells.
D)the key role of the anterior pituitary gland in regulating uterine contraction.

Question 25

Most types of communication between cells utilize

A)the exchange of cytosol between the cells.
B)a direct electrical connection between the cells.
C)the release or reception of chemical signaling molecules.
D)the exchange of DNA between the cells.

Question 26

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in a

A)neuron in the spinal cord.
B)steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex.
C)neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.
D)neuron in the cerebral cortex.
E)digestive enzyme-producing cell in the pancreas.

Question 27

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of

A)the parathyroid glands,leading to increased metabolic rate.
B)the thyroid gland,leading to an increase in the epinephrine concentration.
C)the anterior pituitary gland,leading to cessation of gonadal function.
D)the adrenal medulla,leading to increased secretion of epinephrine.
E)the pancreas,leading to a reduction in blood sugar concentration.

Question 28

An example of an ectothermic organism that would have difficulty adjusting its body temperature due to its typical physical environment is a

A)terrestrial lizard.
B)sea star,a marine invertebrate.
C)shark.
D)hummingbird.
E)house fly.

Question 29

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

A)pituitary gland.
B)thyroid gland.
C)hypothalamus.
D)adrenal glands.

Question 30

Coordinating body functions via release of chemical signals into the vascular system is accomplished by

A)the respiratory system.
B)the endocrine system.
C)the integumentary system.
D)the nervous system.

Question 31

In a lactating mammal,the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release,respectively,are

A)prolactin and calcitonin.
B)prolactin and oxytocin.
C)follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
D)luteinizing hormone and oxytocin.
E)prolactin and luteinizing hormone.

Question 32

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the

A)hypothalamus.
B)adrenal medulla.
C)anterior pituitary gland.
D)adrenal cortex.
E)posterior pituitary gland.

Question 33

Topic: 32.3 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3-4: Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 32.3,G2
The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by

A)conduction.
B)radiation.
C)vasoconstriction.
D)evaporation.

Question 34

The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because

A)only its target cells are exposed to aldosterone.
B)only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors.
C)aldosterone can only cross the cell membrane of target cells.
D)aldosterone is only soluble in target cells.

Question 35

All hormones

A)are produced by endocrine glands.
B)are lipid-soluble molecules.
C)are carried to target cells in the blood.
D)are protein molecules.
E)elicit the same biological response from all of their target cells.

Question 36

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the

A)rosy boa (a snake).
B)penguin.
C)bald eagle.
D)coyote.

Question 37

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

A)positive feedback benefits the organism,whereas negative feedback is detrimental.
B)the positive feedback's responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.
C)positive feedback results in increases in some parameter (such as body temperature),whereas negative feedback results only in decreases to the parameter.
D)positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.

Question 38

Animals can lose heat,but cannot gain heat,through the process of

A)conduction.
B)convection.
C)radiation.
D)evaporation.

Question 39

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively binds to a specific hormone is called that hormone's

A)neurosecretory cell.
B)endocrine cell.
C)target cell.
D)daughter cell.

Question 40

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians

A)are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures.
B)alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C.
C)have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface,even in direct sun.
D)become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 20°C.

Question 41

A human who has no access to fresh water and can only drink salty seawater instead

A)will thrive under such conditions,as long as he has lived by the ocean most of his life.
B)will excrete more water molecules than are taken in because of the high load of ion ingestion.
C)will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload.
D)will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst.
E)will excrete less water molecules than are taken in because of the high load of ion ingestion.

Question 42

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

A)fresh water.
B)plasma in birds.
C)plasma in a marine mammal.
D)seawater in a tidal pool.
E)plasma in terrestrial reptiles.

Question 43

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

A)connective tissue.
B)muscle tissue.
C)nervous tissue.
D)epithelial tissue.

Question 44

The necropsy (post-mortem analysis)of a freshwater lake fish that died after accidentally being placed in salty ocean water would likely show that

A)loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure.
B)high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells,causing them to swell and lyse.
C)the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment,creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis.
D)the gills became encrusted with salt,resulting in inadequate gas exchange and eventual asphyxiation.
E)brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment,leading to death by loss of autonomic function.

Question 45

Urea is

A)the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
B)the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds.
C)the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates.
D)unimportant in relation to humans.

Question 46

The endocrine gland that produces epinephrine is the

A)ovary.
B)adrenal medulla.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)testis.
E)thyroid.

Question 47

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

A)ammonia
B)ammonium ions
C)urea
D)uric acid

Question 48

Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism)can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the

A)kidneys.
B)pancreas.
C)adrenal gland.
D)posterior pituitary gland.
E)anterior pituitary gland.

Question 49

Urea is produced in the

A)liver from NH₃ and CO₂.
B)liver from glycogen.
C)kidneys from glucose.
D)kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 50

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include

A)lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
B)lots of seawater,such as the environment of a marine bird.
C)lots of seawater,such as the environment of a marine mammal (e.g. ,a polar bear).
D)a terrestrial environment,such as one that supports crickets.
E)a moist system of burrows,such as those of naked mole rats.

Question 51

The increased contraction of the human uterus during labor and delivery is at least partially due to the actions of

A)epinephrine.
B)glucagon.
C)thyroxine.
D)oxytocin.
E)growth hormone.

Question 52

The hypothalamus

A)functions only as an endocrine target.
B)functions only in neural transmission.
C)does not have any hormone receptors on its cells.
D)secretes hormones that act directly on the gonads.
E)controls most neuroendocrine signaling in mammals.

Question 53

Melatonin is secreted by

A)the hypothalamus.
B)the pineal gland.
C)the adrenal medulla.
D)the posterior pituitary gland.
E)the thyroid gland.

Question 54

How do marine fish perform osmoregulation?

A)through gaining water through the gills
B)through gaining salt through the gills
C)through drinking water and eating food
D)through excreting large amounts of dilute urine

Question 55

Compared to the seawater around them,most marine invertebrates are

A)hyperosmotic.
B)hypoosmotic.
C)isoosmotic.

Question 56

Organisms categorized as osmo-conformers are most likely

A)found in freshwater lakes and streams.
B)marine.
C)amphibious
D)found in arid terrestrial environments.
E)found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture.

Question 57

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with a ________ environment.

A)hyperosmotic;freshwater
B)isotonic;freshwater
C)hyperosmotic;saltwater
D)isoosmotic;saltwater
E)hypoosmotic;saltwater

Question 58

Suppose that a patient is diagnosed with a tumor in her parathyroid gland such that excess PTH is secreted.What can be given to the patient to counteract the effects of the tumor?

A)T3 and T4
B)epinephrine
C)growth hormone
D)calcitonin
E)glucagon

Question 59

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X,

A)an increase in A always produces an increase in X,which results in an increase in A.
B)an increase in X always produces a decrease in A,which results in a decrease in X.
C)a decrease in A always produces an increase in X,which results in an increase in A.
D)a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A,which causes an increase in X.

Question 60

A necropsy (post-mortem analysis)of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because

A)it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions.
B)it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate.
C)its kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the fresh water.
D)it had an immediate movement of water out of its cells after being placed in fresh water.

Question 61

An excretory system that includes tubules and uses the process of filtration is the

A)flame bulb system of flatworms.
B)protonephridia of flatworms.
C)Malpighian tubules of insects.
D)kidneys of vertebrates.

Question 62

Within a normally functioning kidney,blood can be found in

A)the vasa recta.
B)Bowman's capsule.
C)the loop of Henle.
D)the proximal tubule.
E)the collecting duct.

Question 63

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

A)flatworms.
B)earthworms.
C)insects.
D)vertebrates.

Question 64

An advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

A)urea can be exchanged for Na⁺.
B)urea is less toxic than ammonia.
C)urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia.
D)urea does not affect the osmolarity gradient.
E)less nitrogen is removed from the body.

Question 65

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

A)earthworms.
B)flatworms.
C)insects.
D)jellyfish.
E)sea stars.

Question 66

Ammonia

A)is soluble in water.
B)can be stored in the body as a precipitate.
C)has low toxicity relative to urea.
D)requires more energy to synthesize than urea.
E)is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects.

Question 67

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

A)mice and birds
B)insects and birds
C)lions and horses
D)humans and frogs
E)fish and turtles

Question 68

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?

A)urea
B)uric acid
C)ammonia

Question 69

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long

A)loops of Henle.
B)distal convoluted tubules.
C)proximal convoluted tubules.

Question 70

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

A)ammonia.
B)urea.
C)uric acid.
D)nitrite.

Question 71

Which of the following mammals likely produces the most concentrated urine?

A)desert kangaroo rats
B)humans
C)dolphins
D)chimpanzees

Question 72

Sparrows (a small bird species)secrete uric acid as their form of nitrogenous waste because uric acid

A)is readily soluble in water.
B)is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products.
C)requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal,thus reducing water waste.
D)excretion allows birds to live in desert environments.

Question 73

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

A)formation of filtrate at an excretory structure.
B)reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate.
C)selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.
D)formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure.
E)excretion of urine from the body.

Question 74

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

A)results from active transport.
B)transfers large molecules as easily as small ones.
C)is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred.
D)is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
E)usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman's capsule.

Question 75

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

A)ammonia.
B)urea.
C)uric acid.

Question 76

What structure directly supplies the renal pelvis with filtrate?

A)the loop of Henle
B)the glomerulus
C)Bowman's capsule
D)the proximal tubule
E)the collecting duct

Question 77

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

A)filtration
B)reabsorption
C)secretion
D)excretion

Question 78

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

A)ions.
B)glucose.
C)plasma proteins.
D)amino acids.
E)dissolved gasses.

Question 79

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

A)protonephridium-earthworm
B)Malpighian tubule-frog
C)kidney-insect
D)flame bulb-snake
E)exchange across the body surface-marine invertebrate

Question 80

In animals,nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

A)starch and cellulose.
B)triglycerides and steroids.
C)proteins and nucleic acids.
D)phospholipids and glycolipids.
E)fatty acids and glycerol.