Deck 24: The Urinary System

Question 1

Which of the choices below is the salt level- monitoring part of the nephron?

A)macula densa
B)principal cell
C)loop of Henle
D)vasa recta

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Tubular reabsorption .

A)includes substances such as creatinine
B)is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste
C)by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient
D)by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is .

A)not Tm limited
B)completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached
C)in the distal convoluted tubule
D)hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for .

A)the secretion of acids and ammonia
B)reabsorption of organic molecules,vitamins,and water
C)regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
D)the secretion of drugs

Question 5

The macula densa cells respond to _.

A)changes in solute content of the filtrate
B)aldosterone
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)changes in pressure in the tubule

Question 6

The fluid in the glomerular Bowman's)capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of .

A)plasma protein
B)hormones
C)electrolytes
D)glucose

Question 7

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

A)by secreting sodium ions
B)by producing new bicarbonate ions
C)by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate
D)by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions

Question 8

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

A)thymus
B)pancreas
C)pituitary
D)adrenal

Question 9

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the .

A)thick segment is permeable to water
B)thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride
C)thin segment is freely permeable to water
D)thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

Question 10

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

A)a fenestrated capillary
B)a vasa recta
C)an efferent arteriole
D)a podocyte

Question 11

Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?

A)They lack carriers.
B)They are too large to pass through the fenestrations.
C)They are not lipid soluble.
D)They are extremely complex molecules.

Question 12

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it .

A)has a basement membrane
B)is drained by an efferent arteriole
C)has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems
D)is impermeable to most substances

Question 13

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin .

A)when the pH of the urine decreases
B)when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
C)by a decrease in the blood pressure
D)when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

Question 14

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the .

A)colloid osmotic pressure of the blood
B)myogenic mechanism
C)capsular hydrostatic pressure
D)glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A)macula densa
B)granular cells
C)podocyte cells
D)mesangial cells

Question 16

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

A)renal autoregulation
B)hormonal regulation
C)electrolyte levels
D)neural regulation

Question 17

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination fro body. 1.major calyx
2)minor calyx
3)nephron
4)urethra
5)ureter
6)collecting duct

A)2,1,3,6,5,4
B)6,3,2,1,5,4
C)3,1,2,6,5,4
D)3,6,2,1,5,4

Question 18

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition voiding)?

A)the stretching of the bladder wall
B)the pressure of the fluid in the bladder
C)the sympathetic efferents
D)motor neurons

Question 19

Excretion of dilute urine requires _ .

A)impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
B)the presence of ADH
C)transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle
D)relative permeability of the distal tubule to water

Question 20

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it .

A)produces vitamin D
B)ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently
C)stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
D)is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys

Question 21

The function of angiotensin II is to .

A)decrease arterial blood pressure
B)decrease water absorption
C)decrease the production of aldosterone
D)constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Question 22

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml,the amino acid will .

A)be reabsorbed by secondary active transport
B)appear in the urine
C)be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
D)be actively secreted into the filtrate

Question 23

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

A)atrial natriuretic peptide
B)aldosterone
C)ADH
D)thyroxine

Question 24

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

A)helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition,volume,and pressure of blood
B)eliminates solid,undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide,water,salts,and heat
C)regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
D)maintains blood osmolarity

Question 25

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

A)The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
B)The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.
C)Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine.
D)The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin,which allows a great deal of stretch.

Question 26

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A)help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
B)help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
C)help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys
D)help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys

Question 27

Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?

A)absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis
B)form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine
C)form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
D)none of these

Question 28

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is .

A)solvent drag
B)active transport
C)cotransport with sodium ions
D)osmosis

Question 29

The filtration membrane includes all except .

A)renal fascia
B)basement membrane
C)glomerular endothelium
D)podocytes

Question 30

Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?

A)disposing of substances not already in the filtrate,such as certain drugs
B)ridding the body of excessive potassium ions
C)eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes
D)ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

Question 31

The urinary bladder is composed of epithelium.

A)stratified squamous
B)transitional
C)simple squamous
D)pseudostratified columnar

Question 32

The descending limb of the loop of Henle .

A)is not permeable to water
B)contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
C)pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
D)is freely permeable to sodium and urea

Question 33

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

A)Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.
B)Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.
C)The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
D)The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 34

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

A)mesangial cells
B)juxtaglomerular cells
C)podocytes
D)macula densa cells

Question 35

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

A)Net filtration would increase above normal.
B)Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.
C)Net filtration would decrease.
D)Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change.

Question 36

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it .

A)inhibits the release of ADH
B)increases the rate of glomerular filtration
C)increases secretion of ADH
D)is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells

Question 37

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the .

A)glomerular filtration membrane
B)loop of Henle
C)distal convoluted tubule
D)collecting duct

Question 38

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the .

A)glomerular capsule
B)loop of Henle
C)basement membrane of the capillaries
D)nephron

Question 39

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by _ .

A)facilitated diffusion
B)countertransport
C)passive transport
D)secondary active transport

Question 40

Urine passes through the .

A)glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule
B)renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter
C)hilum to urethra to bladder
D)pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

Question 41

The capillary bed that surrounds the descending and ascending loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons is called the .

Question 42

List and describe three pressures operating at the filtration membrane,and explain how each influences net filtration pressure.

Question 43

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

A)angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide
B)angiotensin II and aldosterone
C)angiotensin I and epinephrine
D)angiotensin II and ADH

Question 44

The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called .

Question 45

Explain how filtration works in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 46

The artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

A)lobar
B)interlobar
C)arcuate
D)cortical radiate

Question 47

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is .

A)the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
B)the thickness of the capillary endothelium
C)the design and size of the podocytes
D)glomerular hydrostatic pressure glomerular blood pressure)

Question 48

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A)K+
B)Na+
C)glucose
D)creatinine

Question 49

The renal corpuscle is made up of .

A)the renal papilla
B)the descending loop of Henle
C)the renal pyramid
D)Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Question 50

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density,which is .

A)1)001- 1.035
B)1)000- 1.015
C)1)041- 1.073
D)1)030- 1.040

Question 51

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero,what does this mean?

A)The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood.
B)The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.
C)Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.
D)Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

A)The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time.
B)The male urethra is longer than the female urethra.
C)The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems but at different times.
D)The male urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen.

Question 53

The area between the ureters and urethra is called the _ _ in a bladder.

Question 54

The mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.

Question 55

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to an) .

A)increase in the production of aldosterone
B)increase in the production of ADH
C)decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
D)decrease in the production of ADH

Question 56

What are aquaporins?

Question 57

Freshly voided urine has very little smell,but shortly after voiding it can give off a very strong smell.Why?

Question 58

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?

A)They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.
B)They are trilayered mucosa,muscularis,and adventitia).
C)They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum.
D)They are made up of several layers of endothelium.

Question 59

Which statement is correct?

A)Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine.
B)Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
C)The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.
D)Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.

Question 60

Sodium- linked water flow across a membrane is called water reabsorption.

Question 61

List three substances that are abnormal urinary constituents and provide the proper clinical term for such abnormalities.

Question 62

Explain what is meant by the terms cotransport process and transport maximum.

Question 63

Urine crystals in the renal pelvis are called .

Question 64

In addition to the renin- angiotensin mechanism,the renal cells produce other chemicals.Name four,and briefly give the main function of each.

Question 65

Humans can survive for a period of time without water thanks to the ability of the kidneys to produce concentrated urine.Briefly explain the factors that allow this to happen.

Question 66

Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and water balance.