Deck 17: The Enlightenment

Question 1

For the philosophers,an important implication of John Locke's tabula rasa was:

A) that all human beings are equal in natural and all other rights.
B) its emphasis on political and economic liberalism.
C) that private property was the foundation of all legitimate government.
D) that environment determines all social progress.
E) that human beings were set in their behavior from birth.

Answer 1

that environment determines all social progress.

Question 2

A primary concern of the Enlightenment was the:

A) danger of arbitrary and unchecked authority.
B) value of religious toleration.
C) overriding importance of law.
D) importance of reason in all affairs.
E) all of these

Answer 2

all of these

Question 3

A philosophe may be defined as an individual who was a(an):

A) free thinker.
B) trained philosopher.
C) ordained cleric.
D) member of the nobility.
E) philosopher by avocation.

Answer 3

free thinker.

Question 4

The "invisible hand" of Adam Smith's theory could best guide economic activity because:

A) state-owned manufacturing signified the wealth of a nation.
B) it controlled middle-class entrepreneurs with legislative restrictions on trade.
C) it made all mercantilist interests legitimate functions of government.
D) all humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests.
E) Smith believed that economics was controlled by something beyond human understanding.

Question 5

Deism,the "religion" of the Enlightenment,expressed the belief that:

A) there is no God.
B) humankind is predestined to either heaven or hell.
C) God created the universe,but no longer took any active interest in it.
D) Catholicism had become too liberal and a return to true Christianity was needed.
E) humankind can know God only through nature.

Question 6

The Enlightenment battle cry of "Écrasez l'infâme" best represents the ideas of:

A) Denis Diderot.
B) Immanuel Kant.
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
D) François Marie Arouet (Voltaire).
E) John Locke.

Question 7

John Locke is best known today as a political philosopher,but in the eighteenth century he was better known for his studies of:

A) thermodynamics.
B) sociology.
C) human knowledge.
D) morals and ethics.
E) medicine.

Question 8

Most Enlightenment thinkers who might be labeled as deists were theists; of the few who were atheists,the most famous was:

A) Voltaire.
B) Moses Mendelssohn.
C) Gotthold Lessing.
D) Baron de Montesquieu.
E) Paul Henri d'Holbach.

Question 9

In The Spirit of Laws,Baron de Montesquieu argued:

A) that all political institutions ought to conform to environmental conditions.
B) that Christianity was solely responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire.
C) that the government that governs least governs best of all.
D) in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.
E) in favor of a strong monarchy balanced by a strong nobility.

Question 10

Voltaire's attitude toward injustice,fanaticism,and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762; the defendant in the case was:

A) Jean Le Rond.
B) François Arouet.
C) Jean Calas.
D) Cesare Beccaria.
E) Giovanni Vico.

Question 11

_________ was a Jewish philosopher who argued that religion should be voluntary,that secular states should promote tolerance,and that progress for everyone would come through humanitarianism.

A) Baruch Espinoza
B) Moses Mendelssohn
C) Nathan Lessing
D) Alexander von Humboldt
E) Felix Mendelssohn

Question 12

Although the majority of the philosophes held relatively disparaging views of Judaism,_________,a German philosopher,was a notable exception.

A) Felix Mendelssohn
B) Gotthold Lessing
C) Alexander von Humboldt
D) Immanuel Kant
E) Paul Henri d'Holbach

Question 13

The philosophes of the Enlightenment,as exemplified by Voltaire,particularly admired England because of:

A) the deistic position taken by the Church of England.
B) the literary genius of Chaucer,Shakespeare,and Fielding.
C) its constitutional monarchy and policy of religious toleration.
D) the continued success and expansion of its mercantile empire.
E) the support by the Church of scholarly research at Oxford and Cambridge.

Question 14

The genesis of the Enlightenment may be found in the:

A) Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century.
B) Catholic Reformation of the seventeenth century.
C) scientific revolution of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
D) writings of Voltaire and Rousseau.
E) art of the High Renaissance.

Question 15

One of the most remarkable publications of prerevolutionary France was Denis Diderot's:

A) The Spirit of the Laws.
B) Philosophical Letters.
C) Nathan the Wise.
D) Encyclopedia.
E) Candide.

Question 16

Unlike the French physiocrats who believed that the wealth of a nation came from the land and agricultural production,Adam Smith believed that the wealth of a nation came from its:

A) gold and silver.
B) labor.
C) natural resources.
D) trade.
E) slaves.

Question 17

The life and career of Cesare Beccaria was dedicated to the idea that:

A) the only legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain the social order.
B) the philosophes should become,following Plato,the rulers of the world.
C) the philosophes were atheists and should be persecuted as heretics.
D) human progress would result from a completely new scientific method.
E) the laws ought to be reformed to protect middle-class private property.

Question 18

The motto of the Enlightenment "Dare to know!" was coined by:

A) Immanuel Kant.
B) Baron de Montesquieu.
C) Isaac Newton.
D) David Hume.
E) Voltaire.

Question 19

A cornerstone of Enlightenment thinking was skepticism,as developed by the Scottish philosopher:

A) Immanuel Kant.
B) Robert Hooke.
C) Isaac Newton.
D) David Hume.
E) John Cabot.

Question 20

In general,the philosophes considered Judaism and Islam as:

A) religions in need of rational reform.
B) enlightened partners in human progress.
C) superstitious and backward religions.
D) the objects of necessary persecutions.
E) the equal of Christianity as all were religions "of the Book."

Question 21

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau,freedom meant:

A) the worst corruption of the "social contract."
B) equal citizens obeying the laws they had made themselves.
C) the total absence of any restraints within a society.
D) the ability of human beings to think on their own.
E) having nothing left to lose.

Question 22

The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre,the novel,and the growing acceptance of women as authors.The most famous woman from this period,as recognized today,was the English novelist:

A) George Eliot.
B) George Sand.
C) Moll Flanders.
D) Jane Austen.
E) Mary Ann Evans.

Question 23

Although the majority of people possessed few books,at most a Bible and one or two other religious works,it appears now that literacy rates were much higher than had previously been believed,perhaps as high as _________ percent for men and _________ percent for women in European urban centers.

A) 85; 60
B) 70; 30
C) 55; 25
D) 40; 20
E) 20; 10

Question 24

The general culture that developed from the eighteenth-century Enlightenment was:

A) artistic.
B) focused exclusively on science.
C) anti-intellectual.
D) nationalistic.
E) literary.

Question 25

According to Adam Smith,the two most important events in recorded history were the discovery of a passage to the East Indies and the:

A) legal decision in the Calas case.
B) discovery of the New World.
C) trial of Galileo Galilei.
D) fall of the Roman Empire.
E) publication of Copernicus's theory.

Question 26

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's somewhat conflicting views of female nature illustrate:

A) the shifting meaning of "nature" by the middle of the eighteenth century.
B) his belief that women have the same natural rights as men.
C) the idea that men and women should receive an identical education.
D) the general view that women were little more than creatures of lust and passion.
E) that intellectuals of the eighteenth century had difficulty admitting they thought women inferior.

Question 27

With the rise in literacy and the book business in the eighteenth century,censorship was:

A) surprisingly nonexistent.
B) institutional throughout Europe.
C) uneven in its implementation.
D) left to the Roman Catholic Church.
E) applied only to books for children.

Question 28

The Enlightenment was not confined to any single area of human endeavor,but was evident in the science,music,and politics of the age: some scientific thinkers might be politically conservative,while some political thinkers were truly radical in their views.Among this radical group was:

A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
B) René Descartes.
C) Edmund Burke.
D) Maria Theresa.
E) all of these

Question 29

Which of the following statements best expresses the philosophes' attitude toward slavery?

A) Slavery corrupted its victims,and so slaves were not ready for freedom.
B) Slavery was compatible only with a society based on paternalism and deference.
C) All slavery is inhuman,and governments ought to take steps to eradicate it immediately.
D)Slavery was uneconomical and contrary to laissez-faire principles.
E)Slavery was justified by ancient practice and by the Bible and should,therefore,be allowed everywhere Europeans ruled.

Question 30

Closely following voyages of discovery,many Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity:

A) as Europeans ought to attempt to emulate.
B) in its natural state.
C) in its degenerate state.
D) as innocent yet corrupted by Europeans.
E) as corrupt but possible to be saved through conversion to Christianity.

Question 31

Although the philosophes condemned slavery,they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue.One of their number,_________,exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved.

A) Baron de Montesquieu
B) Denis Diderot
C) Voltaire
D) Jean Calas
E) Moses Mendelssohn

Question 32

The South Pacific region was explored extensively by both the French and the English.The French explorer,Louis-Anne de Bougainville,searched the South Pacific in search of a new route to China.He was soon followed by the English explorer:

A) Robert Boyle.
B) Robert Hooke.
C) James Caville.
D) James Cook.
E) John Cabot.

Question 33

The philosophes of the eighteenth century used people's houses in which to meet and converse on a more informal basis than that provided by the royal academies.These informal meetings were known as:

A) salons.
B) lodges.
C) aeries.
D) teahouses.
E) coffeehouses.

Question 34

In her Vindication of the Rights of Woman,Mary Wollstonecraft argued that:

A) republicanism was an ill-conceived idea dedicated to the violent disruption of society.
B) there was no such thing as a natural division of labor in any human society.
C) women were deserving of the protection of men since they were the weaker sex.
D) virtue ought to mean different things to men and women.
E) all men and women share a common humanity.

Question 35

In his novel Emile,Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that:

A) children are by nature good and are equal in their capacity to learn.
B) children should be taught to use reason very early in life.
C) women ought to have the same education as men.
D) the state should be responsible for creating an elaborate system of public education.
E) children are selfish by nature and need to be restrained and taught by rote.

Question 36

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment produced an elite or high culture that was typified by:

A) inclusiveness.
B) exclusiveness.
C) its parochial nature.
D) its cosmopolitan nature.
E) its narrowness of interests.

Question 37

The South Pacific island of Tahiti was first discovered for the Europeans by:

A) James Cook.
B) Louis-Anne de Bougainville.
C) Ferdinand Magellan.
D) Alexander von Humboldt.
E) Sydney Parkinson.

Question 38

The "classical" style of music that swept Europe in the late eighteenth century:

A) rejected the symphonic form because it was bohemian.
B) slavishly imitated the music of classical antiquity.
C) was intended to sound orderly,clear,and balanced.
D) is best represented by the music of Bach and Handel.
E) remained the musical style until the late twentieth century.

Question 39

One philosophe organization,founded by Warville de Brissot,which called for the abolition of slavery was the:

A) Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
B) International League of Abolitionists.
C) League for the Union of all Humanity.
D) Society of Friends of Blacks.
E) Society of the Friends of Slaves.

Question 40

Although not well understood when first published in the eighteenth century,Jean-Jacques Rousseau's book,_________,would become very influential during the French Revolution later in the same century.

A) The Social Contract
B) Julie
C) Emile
D) La Nouvelle Helios
E) Meditations on a First Philosophy

Question 41

Salons were usually organized by well-connected and learned aristocratic women.

Question 42

The Dictionnaire was the greatest achievement of the philosophes,bringing an understanding of language and its history to the common people.

Question 43

According to Lessing,religion is authentic or true only insofar as it makes the believer virtuous.

Question 44

What was the impact of John Locke's theories on the thinkers of the Enlightenment?

Question 45

Although George Frederic Handel began his career in London composing Italian-style operas,he is best remembered today for his oratorios,the most famous of which is:

A) Israel in Egypt.
B) St.Matthew Passion.
C) Messiah.
D) Judas Maccabaeus.
E) Esther.

Question 46

The one eighteenth-century European city with a commercial market for culture,including music,was:

A) Berlin.
B) London.
C) Paris.
D) Vienna.
E) Madrid.

Question 47

Laissez-faire economics came from the writings of the Scottish economist Adam Smith,who argued against state monopolies and for the encouragement of individual interests in the economy.

Question 48

Tabula rasa means "human mind."

Question 49

Voltaire's reputation stemmed not from his philosophy,but from his effectiveness as an advocate.

Question 50

Rousseau argued that men and women should receive the same education to enable them to be and create good citizens.

Question 51

Due to the high regard the philosophes such as Voltaire had for England,English became the language of the Enlightenment.

Question 52

The first daily newspaper was printed in London.

Question 53

Mozart was buried in a pauper's grave.

Question 54

Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers of the:

A) Mannerist period.
B) Neoclassical period.
C) Baroque period.
D) Rococo period.
E) Romantic period.

Question 55

Literacy rates were highest in the country where industry was slower and communities were closer to enable education and the borrowing of books.

Question 56

Captain Cook was killed by cannibals in New Zealand,adding to the ferocity of the Western image of the Maori.

Question 57

Of all thinkers from the scientific revolution,John Locke had the widest ranging impact on Enlightenment scholars.

Question 58

Opera,a very popular musical form during the eighteenth century,was developed in the seventeenth century by:

A) Claudio Monteverdi.
B) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
C) Joseph Haydn.
D) Christoph Willibald von Gluck.
E) George Frederic Handel.

Question 59

The Enlightenment was not only a western European trend in thinking,it was also found in central and southern Europe.

Question 60

Unlike the writers of the scientific revolution,the Enlightenment writers wrote for large audiences.

Question 61

What new "learned societies" were formed in the eighteenth century,and what was their role in Enlightenment society and government?

Question 62

What impact did the Enlightenment have on government in the eighteenth century?

Question 63

What was the effect of print culture on the eighteenth century?

Question 64

What was the impact of the exploration of the Pacific world on Europe?

Question 65

Define Rousseau's argument for legitimate authority.

Question 66

How did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge the position of women in the Enlightenment?

Question 67

How did the writers and thinkers of the Enlightenment deal with the topic of slavery?

Question 68

How did the Enlightenment affect the lower classes of Europe?

Question 69

What was the Enlightenment,and what role did the scientific revolution play in its creation?