Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Biological aging

A)is under way in early adulthood.
B)begins in middle adulthood.
C)is similar among various parts of the body.
D)is underway in infancy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is true about telomere length?

A)Unfavorable health conditions cause telomeres to lengthen.
B)Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy is linked to longer telomeres.
C)Persistent psychological stress is linked to telomere shortness.
D)Telomere shortening protects the immune system from environmental stressors.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the "random events" theory of biological aging is true?

A)Genetic engineering that manipulates telomere activity has extended the lifespan of human cells.
B)Animal studies confirm an increase in DNA breaks and deletions and damage to other cellular material with age.
C)Because longevity tends to be a family trait,environmental factors have minimal impact on the aging process.
D)Humans who maintain higher levels of physical activity over several decades reduce their maximum lifespan.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Free radicals are thought to be involved in

A)sickle-cell disease.
B)birth defects.
C)Down syndrome.
D)disorders of aging.

Question 5

A __________ will probably display the slowest rate of free-radical damage to DNA.

A)butterfly
B)bird
C)human
D)cat

Question 6

According to the "random events" theory of biological aging,

A)DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations.
B)the human body wears out from use over time.
C)the existence of aging genes controls most biological changes.
D)environmental factors have little impact on human longevity.

Question 7

The _______________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that longevity is a family trait.

A)genetically programmed
B)"wear-and-tear"
C)random events
D)cross-linkage

Question 8

The adult years are difficult to divide into discrete periods because

A)biological aging does not begin until middle adulthood.
B)the timing of important milestones varies greatly among individuals.
C)the physical changes of the adult years are one-dimensional.
D)adults are often reluctant to identify themselves as belonging to a particular developmental period.

Question 9

Nora's grandfather lived to be 87,and her father is still alive at the age of 98.Nora concludes that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life.Nora should know that

A)there is no reliable data on the heritability of longevity,and random factors probably contributed to the long lives of her relatives.
B)the current generation is experiencing a shorter lifespan than the previous generation due to environmental toxins and limited physical activity.
C)rather than inheriting longevity directly,people probably inherit risk factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later.
D)the heritability of longevity is approximately 0.95,indicating that longevity is directly related to genetic factors.

Question 10

Dr.Rodin is conducting a study on environmental factors that contribute to telomere length.Dr.Rodin can expect to find that telomere shortening

A)predicts longevity.
B)is related to slowed disease progression.
C)predicts earlier death.
D)occurs earlier in women than men.

Question 11

In adults,a gradual drop in growth hormone is associated with

A)the development of bone cancer.
B)increased heart rate.
C)loss of body fat.
D)loss of muscle and bone mass.

Question 12

__________ can cause telomeres to lengthen.

A)Cigarette smoking
B)Telomerase
C)Physical inactivity
D)Obesity

Question 13

Which of the following individuals has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease?

A)Erica,a Caucasian-American female
B)Sharese,an African-American female
C)Ming,an Asian-American male
D)Randolph,a Caucasian-American male

Question 14

Decreased vigor of the immune response seems to be

A)caused by random or spontaneous events.
B)caused by a breakdown of connective tissues.
C)genetically programmed,but intensified by other aging processes.
D)caused by telomere lengthening,but also affected by random events.

Question 15

When adults make positive lifestyle changes,telomeres

A)decrease in number.
B)respond by shortening.
C)multiply in number.
D)respond by lengthening.

Question 16

Physical changes in early adulthood are usually

A)so gradual that most are hardly noticeable.
B)more noticeable in men than women.
C)rapid and highly noticeable.
D)limited to the reproductive system.

Question 17

Jay wants to protect the health of his endocrine system.The safest approach for Jay is

A)a healthy diet and physical activity.
B)hormone therapy.
C)genetic reconstruction.
D)cellular therapy.

Question 18

In the chemistry of aging,a free radical is a

A)naturally occurring,highly reactive chemical that forms in the presence of oxygen.
B)type of protein fiber that makes up the body's connective tissue.
C)type of mutation that leads to genetic defects in offspring.
D)form of DNA that is found at the ends of chromosomes,serving as a protective cap.

Question 19

One probable cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is

A)the programmed action of telomeres.
B)accidental injuries,such as pulled muscles.
C)wear-and-tear caused by excessive use.
D)the release of free radicals.

Question 20

According to the cross-linkage theory of aging,bonds between protein fibers in connective tissue can lead to

A)tightening of the skin and strengthening of the bones.
B)loss of flexibility in the skin and clogging of arteries.
C)increased flexibility and athletic stamina.
D)reduced production of many hormones,especially estrogen.

Question 21

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between stress and the immune system?

A)Denny gets sick during vacation every year.
B)Benny smokes and drinks,yet rarely gets sick.
C)Jenny has a nagging cold throughout semester finals.
D)Kenny is a yoga master,yet has very bad allergies.

Question 22

_____________ originate in the bone marrow,mature in the thymus,and attack foreign substances directly.

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)Telomeres
D)Antigens

Question 23

When an adult suffers from atherosclerosis,it typically develops

A)during middle or late adulthood.
B)more rapidly in women than men.
C)very rapidly after age 35,leading to sudden heart failure.
D)early in life and progresses during middle adulthood.

Question 24

Which of the following is true about the relationships among SES,education,and health?

A)Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.
B)There is no relationship between educational attainment and health.
C)The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.
D)The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

Question 25

The immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy _________ in the body.

A)T cells
B)B cells
C)telomeres
D)antigens

Question 26

When overweight and obesity rates are combined,____ percent of Americans are considered to be at an unhealthy weight.

A)27
B)47
C)67
D)87

Question 27

Which of the following motor skills will probably peak earliest in life?

A)speed of limb movement
B)endurance
C)upper body strength
D)aiming

Question 28

Yao is 45 years old.How has the maximum vital capacity of his lungs changed from when he was 25?

A)It has decreased by about 5 percent.
B)It has decreased by about 20 percent.
C)It has remained constant.
D)It has increased by about 10 percent.

Question 29

Darlene has heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collected on the walls of her main arteries. Darlene has

A)hypertension.
B)osteoporosis.
C)arrhythmia.
D)atherosclerosis.

Question 30

Most Americans eat

A)to maintain the body's functions.
B)the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables.
C)a well-balanced diet.
D)because it is time to do so.

Question 31

In males,semen volume,sperm motility,and percentage of normal sperm decrease gradually after age

A)20.
B)25.
C)30.
D)35.

Question 32

In healthy individuals,the heart's ability to meet the body's oxygen requirements under typical conditions

A)declines with age.
B)increases during early adulthood.
C)does not change during adulthood.
D)increases during middle adulthood.

Question 33

__________ show(s)strong and continuous relationships with almost every disease and health indicator.

A)Gender,temperament,and personality
B)Income,education,and occupational status
C)Quality of family and peer relationships
D)Size of family and number of marriages

Question 34

The upper biological limit of motor capacity is reached in the

A)last part of middle childhood.
B)first part of adolescence.
C)first part of early adulthood.
D)last part of middle adulthood.

Question 35

Which of the following athletes' skills will probably peak latest in life?

A)Rod,a sprinter
B)Reba,a tennis player
C)Rolf,a long-distance runner
D)Rita,a high-jumper

Question 36

In the United States,

A)overweight children usually slim down by adolescence or early adulthood.
B)many people show large weight gains between the ages of 25 and 40.
C)rates of overweight and obesity are starting to decline in low-SES adults.
D)more adults are overweight than obese.

Question 37

_________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.

A)Sex hormones
B)Over-the-counter medications
C)Free radicals
D)Low body weight

Question 38

The most important cause of the age-related drop in female fertility is

A)a decline in the number and quality of ova.
B)cancer of the ovaries or uterus.
C)abnormal menstrual cycles.
D)a decline in sexual activity.

Question 39

Professor Turner is interested in studying the upper biological limit of motor capacity.Professor Turner will likely study

A)sedentary adults.
B)middle-aged men.
C)well-educated adults.
D)outstanding athletes.

Question 40

Which of the following may explain why SES disparities in health and mortality are larger in the United States than in other industrialized nations?

A)Socioeconomic groups are less likely to be segregated by neighborhood in the United States than in other countries.
B)Even high-SES Americans are less likely to seek medical treatment than adults in other countries.
C)Besides the lack of universal health insurance,poverty-stricken U.S.families have lower incomes.
D)The wealthiest Americans have much higher incomes than in other industrialized nations,widening the SES gap.

Question 41

Dwayne,an obese adult,wants to lose weight and keep it off.His weight loss program should include

A)zero fat consumption for the first three months.
B)a daily appetite suppressant.
C)use of social support.
D)zero carbohydrate consumption for the first month.

Question 42

Family and friends can help a dieter by

A)keeping track of what the dieter eats and noting when he or she goes off the diet.
B)pointing out how the extra weight prevents many people from leading an active lifestyle.
C)avoiding discussions of food and limiting social events that revolve around eating.
D)offering encouragement and helping foster the dieter's self-esteem.

Question 43

The main reason for limiting saturated fats is that they are strongly connected with

A)decreased fertility.
B)development of stomach ulcers.
C)cardiovascular disease.
D)production of free radicals.

Question 44

The most commonly abused substances in the United States are

A)cigarettes and alcohol.
B)alcohol and marijuana.
C)cigarettes and over-the-counter medications.
D)alcohol and prescription medications.

Question 45

Marleen,an obese adult,lost 20 pounds over the course of a year.Within the next two years,she is most likely to

A)lose an additional 20 pounds.
B)lose 5 or 10 more pounds.
C)gain back 5 to 10 pounds.
D)gain back 20 or more pounds.

Question 46

The most successful treatment for alcoholism

A)is medication that makes the individual sick if he or she consumes alcohol.
B)combines antidepressants with individual therapy.
C)combines counseling,group support,and aversion therapy.
D)is short-term incarceration or hospitalization.

Question 47

Regular physical activity is linked to

A)repetitive injuries,particularly in the joints.
B)slight declines T-cell production.
C)reduced incidence of cancer.
D)reduced energy,but improving mood.

Question 48

Which of the following is true about cigarette smoking?

A)More women than men smoke.
B)Smoking among college students has declined sharply in the past decade.
C)The gender gap among smokers is much larger today than in the past.
D)Most smokers picked up their habit before age 21.

Question 49

About 40 percent of Americans engage in

A)moderate leisure-time physical activity five times a week.
B)light exercise daily,with occasional moderate-to-heavy exercise.
C)no regular brief sessions of even light activity.
D)high-intensity exercise at least three times per week.

Question 50

U.S.national dietary recommendations include reducing dietary fat to _____ percent of total caloric intake.

A)10
B)15
C)25
D)30

Question 51

Which of the following statements about alcohol use in adulthood is true?

A)Alcohol induces anxiety at first but relieves stress over time.
B)About half of police activities in large cities involve alcohol-related offenses.
C)Almost 25 percent of fatal car crashes in the U.S.involve alcohol.
D)The most effective prevention strategy for reducing alcohol abuse is to raise the minimum drinking age to 25.

Question 52

Compared with people of normal weight,obese individuals are more likely to be

A)in dual-earner families.
B)cheerful and optimistic.
C)from middle-SES backgrounds.
D)denied apartment rentals and college loans.

Question 53

______________ fat generally comes from meat and dairy products and is solid at room temperature.

A)Unsaturated
B)Saturated
C)Polyunsaturated
D)Partially hydrogenated

Question 54

When it comes to dietary fat,the best suggestion is

A)do not consume it.
B)to eat less fat of all kinds.
C)to substitute saturated fat for unsaturated fat.
D)to eat it but exercise immediately afterwards.

Question 55

Alcoholism is a more common problem in cultures where alcohol is

A)regularly served to and around minors.
B)a traditional part of ceremonial activities.
C)a common part of religious activities.
D)a carefully controlled sign of adulthood.

Question 56

At the end of high school,about 65 percent of U.S.young people have had sexual intercourse;by age 25,________ have done so.

A)70 percent
B)75 percent
C)80 percent
D)nearly all

Question 57

Nadine,an average-weight adult,gained a small amount of weight between the ages of 25 and 50.Nadine should know that

A)the weight gain is likely caused by a lack of physical activity.
B)she is at high risk for heart disease.
C)this is a normal part of aging,resulting from a drop in basal metabolic rate.
D)the average woman gains between 2 and 5 pounds a year throughout early and middle adulthood.

Question 58

______________ is the single most preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.

A)Alcoholism
B)Cigarette smoking
C)Drug use
D)Obesity

Question 59

Which of the following is true about exercise?

A)It strengthens the heart muscle and increases blood pressure.
B)It produces high-density lipoproteins that help remove LDLs.
C)It produces a form of "good cholesterol" known as LDLs.
D)It decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex.

Question 60

In the United States,drug taking peaks around ages

A)14 to 16.
B)17 to 18.
C)19 to 22.
D)23 to 25.

Question 61

Which of the following is true about rape prevention and treatment?

A)Practically no services are available for victimized men,who are often too embarrassed to come forward.
B)The trauma induced by rape is typically so severe that therapy is an ineffective intervention.
C)In the United States,treatment is mandated for men and women who sexually assault their partners.
D)Safety planning interventions are not needed if the abuser is no longer present in the victim's life.

Question 62

A successful method for curing PMS

A)involves hormone therapy.
B)has not been devised.
C)involves analgesics for pain.
D)involves antidepressant medication.

Question 63

According to some researchers,cognitive development continues beyond Piaget's formal operational stage to the ____________ level.

A)postcognitive
B)postoperational
C)postformal thought
D)postconcrete

Question 64

Which of the following is true about research on homosexuality?

A)There is limited information about the sex lives of homosexuals because about 30 percent of same-sex couples do not report themselves as such in surveys.
B)Unlike heterosexuals,homosexuals tend to seek out partners with vastly different educational and economic backgrounds to themselves.
C)In homosexual relationships,partners in committed relationships report having sex less often and being less satisfied than singles who are casually dating.
D)Unlike heterosexuals,homosexuals report that the overall frequency of sex in committed relationships is high.

Question 65

The majority of rape victims are __________,and the abusers are __________.

A)over age 30;under age 30
B)under age 30;men they know well
C)unwilling to prosecute their attacker;strangers to the victim
D)over age 20;sober at the time of the attack

Question 66

Cross-cultural studies find that premenstrual syndrome is

A)much more common in the United States than in other countries.
B)more common in Western,industrialized countries.
C)more common in underdeveloped,nonindustrial countries.
D)equally common all over the world.

Question 67

Homosexuals tend to live in

A)small communities.
B)college towns.
C)rural areas.
D)ethnically diverse neighborhoods.

Question 68

A strong cardiovascular response,interference with immune system functioning,and reduced digestive activity are all symptoms of

A)hypertension.
B)alcoholism.
C)psychological stress.
D)genetically programmed aging.

Question 69

Compared with _________ adults,________ adults show a stronger cardiovascular response to stress.

A)female;male
B)higher-SES;low-SES
C)lower-SES;high-SES
D)male;female

Question 70

Which statement most accurately reflects the sentiments of most Americans toward gay men,lesbians,and bisexuals?

A)Most Americans are opposed to homosexuality and do not support civil liberties or same-sex marriage.
B)Most Americans support civil liberties and equal employment opportunities for gays,lesbians,and bisexuals.
C)Most Americans approve of same-sex marriage and would advocate on behalf of gays,lesbians,and bisexuals if asked.
D)Most Americans believe that it is okay for two adults of the same sex to have sexual relations as long as they do not talk about it.

Question 71

Researchers have found that satisfying sex generally involves

A)good physical technique.
B)an emotionally fulfilling relationship.
C)spontaneity and novelty.
D)experience with multiple partners.

Question 72

When adults of any age are asked how many sexual partners they have had in the past year,the usual reply is

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)none.

Question 73

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sexual coercion?

A)Less than 20 percent of U.S.women have experienced sexual aggression.
B)Men who engage in sexual assault are usually from low-SES backgrounds.
C)People of all SES and ethnic groups are offenders and victims.
D)Men who engage in sexual assault tend to believe in nontraditional gender roles.

Question 74

Bryson and his co-workers are developing a new sales strategy.When Bryson's conclusions differ radically from the rest of the team,he considers the justifiability of his conclusions and revises them slightly.Bryson is engaged in

A)epistemic cognition.
B)dualistic thinking.
C)relativistic thinking.
D)pragmatic thought.

Question 75

Sexual partners,whether dating,cohabiting,or married,tend to be

A)six or more years apart in age.
B)similar in age,but not in education.
C)similar in age and education.
D)similar in education,but not in ethnicity.

Question 76

________ adults are better than _________ adults at coping with stress.

A)Middle-aged;young
B)Young;middle-aged
C)Lower-SES;high-SES
D)Male;female

Question 77

Contemporary men and women

A)have fewer sexual partners over their lifetimes than a generation ago.
B)differ little in average number of lifetime sexual partners.
C)differ significantly in average number of lifetime sexual partners.
D)have sex less often than those of a generation ago.

Question 78

Ann Marie has begun visiting matchmaking websites.She should know that

A)the success rates for Internet dating services are higher than with conventional strategies.
B)online dating leads to lasting offline relationships about 30 percent of the time.
C)less than 10 percent of online relationships last for more than six months.
D)18 percent of online ties that evolve into offline relationships last for more than a year.

Question 79

Which of the following is true about female-initiated coercive sexual behavior against men?

A)About 3 to 5 percent of U.S.men have experienced female-initiated coercive sexual behavior.
B)Most male victims indicate that women who committed these acts used actual or threatened force.
C)Victims report that women who committed these acts often threatened to end a relationship unless the victim complied.
D)Due to increasing public awareness,nearly 80 percent of men who experience female-initiated sexual aggression report the crime to authorities.

Question 80

Which of the following is true about cognitive development in early adulthood?

A)Pruning of synapses,along with growth and myelination of stimulated neural fibers,progresses at a faster pace in early adulthood than in adolescence.
B)Slowing of the cognitive system first becomes evident around age 25.
C)For young adults who do not attend college,cognitive growth is unlikely.
D)The cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the cerebral cortex,especially the frontal lobes.