Deck 5: Society,social Structure,and Interaction in Everyday Life

Question 1

Role strain occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Family,economy,education,religion,and mass media are all examples of social institutions.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Sociologist Emile Durkheim stated that as societies became industrialized and developed more specialized economic activities,social solidarity came to be rooted in the member's shared dependence on one another.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Sociologist Harold Garfinkel developed dramaturgy-the study of the commonsense knowledge
that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

Question 5

Horticultural and pastoral societies are more egalitarian than hunting and gathering societies.

Question 6

People use role exiting techniques when they do not want others to take them as the "self" implied in a particular role,especially if they think the role is "beneath them."

Question 7

President Barack Obama occupies various statuses,including status as an African American,a husband,and a father.However,Obama's status as president of the United States functions as a master status.

Question 8

We act on reality as we see it.Sociologists describe this process as the definition of the situation,meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves,determine what is in our best interest,and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.This can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy (a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true).

Question 9

In agrarian societies,politics is based on a feudal system controlled by a political-economic elite made up of the ruler,his royal family,and members of the landowning class.

Question 10

Social interactionists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created.They refer to this as the social construction of reality-the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the objective meaning that we give to an experience.

Question 11

In hunting and gathering societies,education,religion,and politics are not formal social institutions.Instead,their functions take place on an informal basis in the kinship group,which is responsible for teaching children basic survival skills such as how to hunt and gather food.

Question 12

Status symbols are material signs that inform others of a person's specific status.

Question 13

Traditionally,people of color and white women have been excluded from powerful "old­boy" social
networks.

Question 14

Social structure is essential for the survival of society and for the well-being of individuals because it provides a social web of familial support and social relationships that connects each of us to the larger society.

Question 15

Conflict theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies,where a few people control the labor of many,the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people (for example,owner-worker and employer-employee).

Question 16

Emile Durkheim argues that homelessness is a "social class phenomenon,the direct result of a steady,across­the­board lowering of the standard of living of the working class and lower class."

Question 17

Social institutions are transformed by industrialism.The family increases in significance as the economy,education,and political institutions grow in size and complexity.

Question 18

Homeless people have lost the vital link with social structures.Social structures are essential for the survival for society and for the well-being of individuals because they provide a social web of familial support and social relationships that connects each of us to the larger society.

Question 19

The term "status" refers to those persons with high­level positions in society.

Question 20

In Gemeinschaft societies such as the United States,a prevailing core value is that people should be able to take care of themselves.

Question 21

To determine who you are,you must think about your social identity,which is derived from the statuses you occupy.A(n)______________is comprised of all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

A)status set
B)identity
C)role diagram
D)occupational grouping

Question 22

Sociologist Robert Park coined the term______________to refer to persons (such as immigrants)who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.It is the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure.

A)alienation
B)stigmatization
C)social marginality
D)anomie

Question 23

A______________is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations,rights,and duties;it exists independently of the specific people occupying them.

A)role
B)label
C)status
D)class

Question 24

Social structure provides us with the ability to develop a self-concept as we learn attitudes,values,and behaviors of the people around us.When these attitudes and values are part of a predictable structure,it is easier for us to develop a positive self-concept.This exemplifies which theoretical perspective?

A)functionalist
B)conflict
C)symbolic interactionist
D)postmodern

Question 25

______________ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy,politics,and religion)and the social practices (such as rules and social roles)that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.

A)Social interaction
B)Structurally patterned behavior
C)Social structure
D)Group interaction

Question 26

______________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies,where a few people control the labor of many,the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people (for example,owner-worker and employer-employee).

A)Premodern
B)Symbolic interactionist
C)Functionalist
D)Conflict

Question 27

Joe is a student,a father,a son,a husband,a Baptist,and a Scout leader.All of these socially defined positions constitute a:

A)status set
B)role identity
C)socioeconomic position
D)role diagram

Question 28

Social structure is essential for the survival for society and for the well-being of individuals because it provides a social web of familial support and social relationships that connects each of us to the larger society.What group has lost this vital link?

A)homeless
B)divorced females
C)families without children
D)single African American males

Question 29

Although all jobs place some burden on our feelings,emotional labor occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or the production of a state of mind (such as hope,desire,or fear)in others.

Question 30

A(n)______________is any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance.

A)deviant quality
B)stigma
C)anomic identity
D)label

Question 31

Facial expressions,especially smiles,reflect gender-based patterns of dominance and subordination in society.In addition to smiling more frequently,many women tend to tilt their heads in deferential positions when they are talking or listening to others.

Question 32

A convicted criminal,wearing a prison uniform,is an example of a person who has been ;the uniform says that the person has done something wrong and should not be allowed unsupervised outside the prison walls.

A)alienated
B)marginalized
C)dislabeled
D)stigmatized

Question 33

Women are less likely to maintain prolonged eye contact during conversations,but are more likely to stare at other people (especially men)in order to challenge them and assert their own status.

Question 34

Sociologist Erving Goffman suggested that deference is how we behave or conduct ourselves and that it is relative to social power.People in positions of dominance are allowed a wider range of permissible actions than are their subordinates.

Question 35

______________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.Social structure is also important for our human development.

A)Functionalist
B)Conflict
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Premodern

Question 36

At the______________,the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions,groups,statuses,roles,and norms.

A)mesolevel
B)macrolevel
C)ecolevel
D)microlevel

Question 37

Anthropologist Edward Hall stated that personal space is the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.

Question 38

In a capitalistic society,social structure helps create a system of domination and subordination that affects certain categories of people,including owners and workers,landlords and tenants,and rich celebrities and poor "nobodies." This view would be representative of which perspective?

A)functionalist
B)conflict
C)symbolic interactionist
D)postmodern

Question 39

Statuses are distinguished by the manner in which we acquire them.A(n)______________status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life,based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control,such as race/ethnicity,age,and gender.

A)achieved
B)socioeconomic
C)ascribed
D)occupational

Question 40

______________ is/are the process(es)by which people act toward or respond to other people,and also is/are the foundation(s)for all relationships and groups in society.

A)Response patterns
B)Social interaction
C)Psychological behavior
D)Structurally patterned behavior

Question 41

Wearing a wedding ring,owning a Rolls-Royce,or a homeless person carrying a bulging shopping bag are all examples of:

A)status symbols
B)conspicuous consumption
C)consumables
D)cultural capital

Question 42

______________ is a group's or society's definition of the way a specific role ought to be played.

A)Status expectation
B)Collective judgment
C)Role expectation
D)Role performance

Question 43

______________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self- identity.

A)Status rejection
B)Role ambiguity
C)Role exit
D)Role rejection

Question 44

While Eric is working in the fast­food restaurant,he does not want people to think of him as a "loser in a dead­end job." He wants them to view him as a college student who is working there just to "pick up a few bucks" until he graduates.When customers from the college come in,Eric talks to them about college-related topics rather than fast-food.In this scenario,Eric is engaging in:

A)role ambiguity
B)role inconsistency
C)role distancing
D)role exiting

Question 45

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh studied the process of role exit by interviewing ex-convicts,ex-nuns,retirees,divorced men and women,and others who had exited voluntarily from significant social roles.Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages.______________is the second stage.

A)A search for alternatives
B)The creation of a new identity
C)The turning point
D)Doubt

Question 46

Role______________occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance.

A)distancing
B)conflict
C)ambiguity
D)strain

Question 47

______________ occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

A)Status inconsistency
B)Role strain
C)Status frustration
D)Role conflict

Question 48

A physician that wants to provide their patients with the best possible health care but is required by insurance companies or governmental regulations to keep costs down will experience:

A)role strain
B)role conflict
C)status inconsistency
D)status frustration

Question 49

When______________occurs,we may feel pulled in different directions.We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important,or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

A)role ambiguity
B)status frustration
C)role performance
D)role conflict

Question 50

According to the text,______________occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.For example,it is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends.

A)role expectation
B)role performance
C)role ambiguity
D)role alienation

Question 51

Anna is a female born to Mexican American parents;she was assigned these positions at birth. She is an adult and,if she lives long enough,will someday become an "older adult," which is a(n)
Status received involuntarily later in life.

A)societal
B)ascribed
C)socioeconomic
D)achieved

Question 52

A______________is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.For example,a carpenter (employee)hired to remodel a kitchen is not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family (employer)for dinner.

A)position
B)character
C)value
D)role

Question 53

According to the text's discussion of roles:

A)role performance does not always match role expectation
B)role expectations vary little in terms of specificity
C)role expectations typically are based on strictly defined standards
D)role expectations are not defined in the context of roles performed by others

Question 54

When people are proud of a particular social status that they occupy,they often choose to use visible means to let others know about their position.______________are material signs that inform others of a person's specific status.

A)Occupational indicators
B)Consumables
C)Status symbols
D)Conspicuous possessions

Question 55

A(n)______________status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice,merit,or direct effort.

A)achieved
B)socioeconomic
C)ascribed
D)valued

Question 56

For homeless women and men,______________are not status symbols as much as they are a link with the past,a hope for the future,and a potential source of immediate cash.

A)occupational indicators
B)possessions
C)role performances
D)behavior expectations

Question 57

Historically,the most common master status for men has been related to positions in:

A)the work sector
B)the family
C)the world of politics
D)philosophy

Question 58

______________ occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

A)Role performance
B)Role conflict
C)Role ambiguity
D)Role alienation

Question 59

According to sociologist Everett Hughes,a(n)______________status is the most important status a person occupies;it dominates all of the individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position.

A)occupational
B)master
C)achieved
D)ascribed

Question 60

______________ statuses (such as occupation,education,and income)are thought to be gained as a result of personal ability or successful competition.Most occupational positions in modern societies are these types of statuses.

A)Socioeconomic
B)Ascribed
C)Valued
D)Achieved

Question 61

A local school is destroyed by a tornado and community residents come together to build a makeshift school.This example illustrates the concept of:

A)cultural bonding
B)social networking
C)cultural diffusion
D)social solidarity

Question 62

In______________societies,the basic social unit is the kinship group or family.People do not have private households or residences.Instead,they live in small groups of about twenty-five to forty people.

A)hunting and gathering
B)industrial
C)agrarian
D)horticultural and pastoral

Question 63

A______________is a series of social relationships that links an individual to others.

A)cultural bond
B)cohesive structure
C)social network
D)clique

Question 64

A______________is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

A)secondary organization
B)formal organization
C)primary organization
D)social organization

Question 65

Social scientists have identified five types of societies based on various levels of______________: hunting and gathering,horticultural and pastoral,agrarian,industrial,and postindustrial societies.

A)innovative technology
B)subsistence technology
C)primary technology
D)socioeconomic technology

Question 66

______________ ,or cohesion,relates to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles.It exists when social bonds,attractions,or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

A)Social networking
B)Social solidarity
C)Cultural bonding
D)Cultural diffusion

Question 67

A______________is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

A)group
B)social organization
C)social institution
D)working group

Question 68

The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty is an example of a(n):

A)"old boy" social network
B)clique
C)formal organization
D)cohesive structure

Question 69

A(n)______________group is a small,less specialized group in which members engage in face-to- face,emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A)formal
B)primary
C)acting
D)secondary

Question 70

Examples of______________groups would include schools,churches,and corporations.

A)informal
B)acting
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 71

The technology in______________involves limited tools and weapons that are used for basic subsistence,including spears,bows and arrows,nets,traps for hunting,and digging sticks for plant collecting.All tools and weapons are made of natural materials such as stone,bone,and wood.

A)agrarian societies
B)industrial societies
C)hunting and gathering societies
D)horticultural and pastoral societies

Question 72

The______________theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society and are more likely to focus on inequalities that exist in society.

A)conflict
B)symbolic interactionist
C)functionalist
D)premodern

Question 73

______________ theorists emphasize that social institutions exist because they perform five essential tasks: replacing members;teaching new members;producing,distributing,and consuming goods and services;preserving order;and providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.

A)Premodern
B)Conflict
C)Functionalist
D)Symbolic interactionist

Question 74

The methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily life are referred to as:

A)political institutions
B)subsistence technology
C)degree of military developments
D)family structures

Question 75

______________ are relatively egalitarian.Since it is impossible to accumulate a surplus of food,there are few resources upon which individuals or groups can build a power base.

A)Horticultural and pastoral societies
B)Hunting and gathering societies
C)Industrial societies
D)Agrarian societies

Question 76

According to sociologist Helen Ebaugh,in the______________stage of role exit,people realize that they must take some final action (such as quitting their job or getting a divorce).

A)doubt
B)turning point
C)search for alternatives
D)creation of a new identity

Question 77

Family,religion,education,the economy,the government (politics),mass media,sports,science and medicine,and the military are all examples of:

A)informal organizations
B)working groups
C)social institutions
D)social associations

Question 78

A(n)______________is a larger,more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal,goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A)informal group
B)primary group
C)secondary group
D)acting group

Question 79

Family,close friends,and school- or work-related peer groups would all be examples of:

A)acting groups
B)primary groups
C)formal groups
D)secondary groups

Question 80

Groups are an important component of social structure.A(n)______________group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

A)social
B)acting
C)primary
D)secondary