Deck 2: Cell Physiology

Question 1

Which of the following statements concerning cells is incorrect?

A) cells serve as the living building blocks of the body.
B) the average human cell is about one hundred times smaller than the smallest particle visible by the unaided eye.
C) inanimate chemical molecules are organized within each cell into a living entity.
D) cells are generally colorless and transparent so they must be stained for visualization under a microscope.
E) the three major subdivisions of a cell are the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.

Answer 1

the average human cell is about one hundred times smaller than the smallest particle visible by the unaided eye.

Question 2

The rough ER is a membranous system associated with

A) chromosomes.
B) lysosomes.
C) microfilaments.
D) ribosomes.
E) vacuoles.

Answer 2

ribosomes.

Question 3

This molecule provides the template for the process of transcription.

A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) DNA
E) cDNA

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion.
B) gives rise to transport vesicles containing newly synthesized molecules wrapped in a layer of smooth ER membrane.
C) consists of stacks of relatively flattened sacs called cisternae.
D) has many ribosomes.
E) all of these answers.

Question 5

Which organelle is associated with energy production?

A) golgi body.
B) lysosome.
C) mitochondrion.
D) RER.
E) ribosome.

Question 6

Extrusion of materials to the exterior of the cell through the plasma membrane is called

A) endocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) phagocytosis
D) pinocytosis
E) all of these answers.

Question 7

Which component below is not always found in a typical human cell?

A) cytosol.
B) DNA.
C) flagellum.
D) plasma membrane.
E) water.

Question 8

Which structure is not associated with the secretion of proteins produced by ER?

A) golgi complex.
B) smooth ER.
C) transport vesicles.
D) lysosomal membrane.
E) plasma membrane.

Question 9

The plasma membrane:

A) is composed mostly of lipid molecules
B) is composed mostly of protein molecules
C) allows the ICF and ECF to easily exchange materials
D) is a barrier that prevents most molecules from passing through
E) is a very thick structure relative to the size of the cell

Question 10

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

A) is studded with ribosomes.
B) synthesizes proteins for export from the cell or for use in construction of a new cellular membrane.
C) is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) is connected to the nucleus.
E) all of these answers.

Question 11

Which characteristic of the golgi complex is incorrect?

A) they sort and direct products to their final destination.
B) they modify proteins chemically.
C) they produce secretory vesicles.
D) they produce proteins using ribosome.
E) they receive transport vesicles coming from the ER.

Question 12

This cytosol:

A) is found within the nucleus
B) does not contain organelles or cytoskeleton
C) is found only in plant cells
D) is found outside the cell
E) is part of the ECF

Question 13

Of the organelles below which occurs in the lowest numbers within a typical human cell?

A) mitochondria.
B) ribosomes
C) peroxisomes.
D) lysosomes.
E) nuclei.

Question 14

This molecule carries and delivers amino acids during the process of protein synthesis:

A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) DNA
E) cDNA

Question 15

Select the incorrect statement about the smooth ER.

A) It is abundant in most cell types.
B) It is found in liver cells.
C) It specializes in lipid metabolism.
D) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a modified form of it.
E) This organelle does not contain ribosomes.

Question 16

Select the incorrect statement regarding ribosomes

A) they are composed of RNA.
B) they assemble polypeptides.
C) they may be bound to endoplasmic reticulum.
D) they are comprised of 2 parts.
E) they are membrane-bounded.

Question 17

Polyribosomes

A) a unusually large ribosomes.
B) are found on smooth ER.
C) synthesize lipids and nucleic acids.
D) are clusters of ribosomes synthesizing the same protein.
E) none of these answers.

Question 18

Select the structure that is not located in the cytosol of the cell.

A) ER.
B) golgi complex.
C) lysosome.
D) mitochondrion.
E) all of the above are located in the cytosol

Question 19

A typical human cell is about ____micrometers in diameter.

A) 1 to 2
B) 10 to 20
C) 80 to 100
D) 150 to 200
E) 200 to 300

Question 20

Which of the following is contained within the nucleus?

A) deoxyribonucleic acid.
B) cytosol.
C) plasma membrane.
D) endoplasmic reticulum.
E) none of these answers.

Question 21

Pyruvate derived from glycolysis is transported into which structure to continue the process of cellular respiration?

A) mitochondrial matrix
B) mitochondrial cristae
C) cytosol
D) nucleus
E) lysosome

Question 22

The universal energy currency in cells is

A) ATP.
B) glucose.
C) glycogen.
D) insulin.
E) myosin.

Question 23

ATP synthase

A) transports hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion.
B) is activated by the flow of hydrogen ions from the intermembrane space to the matrix.
C) enzymatically converts ADP + Pi to ATP.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 24

Where is CO₂ released in the aerobic cellular respiration process?

A) glycolysis.
B) electron transport chain.
C) Kreb's cycle.
D) fermentation.
E) none of these answers.

Question 25

Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur?

A) cytoplasm.
B) cytosol.
C) inner-mitochondrial membrane.
D) outer-mitochondrial membrane.
E) mitochondrial matrix.

Question 26

On average a cell contains how many lysosomes?

A) 3
B) 30
C) 300
D) 3,000
E) 3,000,000

Question 27

What might happen if you did not get enough niacin in your diet?

A) glucose would not be able to be cleaved.
B) available FAD would decrease.
C) when the 3-carbon chain is oxidized in glycolysis, electrons would not be able to be captured.
D) only fermentation would be possible
E) all of these answers.

Question 28

What accounts for the most ATP production?

A) Kreb's cycle.
B) Citric acid cycle.
C) NADH.
D) oxidative phosphorylation.
E) glycolysis.

Question 29

Cristae are found in the

A) lysosome.
B) mitochondrion.
C) nucleolus.
D) nucleus.
E) rough ER.

Question 30

Select the incorrect association.

A) ATP/high-energy bonds.
B) electron transport chain/aerobic
C) glycolysis/anaerobic.
D) glycolysis/cytosol.
E) oxidative phosphorylation/low ATP production

Question 31

Chemiosmosis:

A) releases CO₂.
B) extracts energy from a H⁺ concentration gradient.
C) to reduce NAD.
D) to ferment pyruvic acid to lactic acid.
E) none of these answers.

Question 32

Which molecule that directly enters the citric acid cycle.

A) acetyl CoA.
B) adenosine diphosphate.
C) citric acid.
D) oxaloacetic acid.
E) pyruvic acid.

Question 33

The form of endocytosis in which whole cells such as bacteria are brought in is

A) exocytosis.
B) pinocytosis.
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D) phagocytosis.
E) mitosis.

Question 34

Why do we need to breath in, exchange, and deliver to each cell the oxygen molecule?

A) glucose can't be broken down without it.
B) it pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part. of cell respiration.
C) all chemical reactions require it.
D) all of these answers.
E) none of these answers.

Question 35

The function of ATP synthase is to

A) act enzymatically.
B) build membranes.
C) carry hydrogen.
D) synthesize ATP.
E) transport oxygen.

Question 36

Select the incorrect characteristic of mitochondria?

A) they have an inner fluid filled space called the cristae.
B) they possess their own DNA.
C) they are the site a cell respiration.
D) their inner membranes posses electron carriers.
E) they possess two membranes.

Question 37

What is the carbon-based end product (chain) of glycolysis?

A) NADH.
B) ATP.
C) pyruvate
D) FADH₂.
E) CO₂.

Question 38

Why does anaerobic respiration take place when O₂ is not available?

A) to continue releasing at least some energy from molecules.
B) to continue the glycolysis processes.
C) to generate some ATP.
D) to regenerate the limited NAD.
E) all of these answers.

Question 39

The gradient of which ion supplies the energy that drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase?

A) Na⁺
B) K⁺
C) H⁺
D) Cl^-
E) Ca⁺²

Question 40

In an anaerobic condition,

A) oxygen is not present.
B) the degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond glycolysis.
C) mitochondrial processing of nutrient molecules takes place.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.

Question 41

Intermediate filaments

A) comprised mitotic spindles.
B) are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress.
C) comprise cilia.
D) comprise flagella.
E) form the basal bodies.

Question 42

Microtubules

A) serve as a mechanical stiffener for microvilli.
B) are specialized to detect sound and positional changes in the ear.
C) form nonmuscle contractile assemblies.
D) play a structural role in parts of the cell subject to mechanical stress.
E) none of these answers.

Question 43

The purpose of glycolysis is

A) to produce citric acid.
B) to liberate energy from glucose.
C) to produce large numbers of ATP.
D) to trap energy in FADH₂.
E) none of these answers.

Question 44

Which of the following is the molecular motor that carries secretory vesicles to the ends of the axon?

A) kinesin
B) dynein
C) actin
D) NAD
E) microfilaments

Question 45

Microtubules serve as mechanical supports or stiffeners.

Question 46

Microtubules are composed primarily of:

A) phospholipids
B) actin
C) myosin
D) tubulin
E) enzymes

Question 47

DNA's genetic code is transcribed into messenger RNA.

Question 48

The cytosol is the gel-like mass of the cytoplasm.

Question 49

Which structure is transiently formed from microtubules during cell division?

A) flagella
B) cilia
C) mitotic spindle
D) microfilaments
E) none of the above

Question 50

Phagocytosis is a function of which cell type?

A) epithelial.
B) muscle.
C) nerve.
D) red blood.
E) white blood.

Question 51

The bending movements of cilia and flagella

A) are accomplished by alternate solation and gelation of the cytosol.
B) involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments.
C) are produced by the sliding of adjacent microtubule doublets past each other.
D) are important in providing motility for many organisms but are not of any use in humans.
E) none of these answers.

Question 52

Glycolysis

A) yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed.
B) requires oxygen.
C) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 53

Which of the following is not characteristic of the cytoskeleton?

A) the cytoskeleton supports the plasma membrane and is responsible for the particular shape, rigidity, and spatial geometry of each different cell type.
B) the cytoskeleton probably plays a role in regulating cell growth and division.
C) the cytoskeletal elements are all rigid, permanent structures.
D) the cytoskeleton is responsible for cell contraction and cell movements.
E) the cytoskeleton supports and organizes the ribosomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes.

Question 54

NADH

A) is an energy carrier.
B) plays a role in cellular respiration.
C) is utilized in glycolysis.
D) is utilized in the citric acid cycle.
E) all of these answers.

Question 55

The term aerobic means

A) in the blood.
B) with carbon dioxide.
C) with oxygen.
D) without carbon dioxide.
E) without oxygen.

Question 56

The function of the microtrabecular lattice is

A) to maintain asymmetrical cell shapes.
B) to suspend and functionally link the largest cytoskeletal elements and organelles.
C) to provide for cellular contractile systems.
D) to serve as mechanical stiffeners.
E) serve as the chief structural units of cilia.

Question 57

Molecular motors:

A) are transporter proteins
B) attach to the particle to be transported
C) do not use energy from ATP to function properly
D) a and b
E) all of the above

Question 58

Select the correct statement about peroxisomes

A) they may play a role in drug resistance.
B) their shape resembles hexagonal barrels.
C) they contain oxidative enzymes
D) they are not organelles.
E) they contain hydrolytic enzymes

Question 59

DNA in the nucleus has the genetic instructions to make enzymatic proteins.

Question 60

Select the element that is not a part of the cytoskeleton.

A) inclusions.
B) intermediate filaments.
C) microfilaments.
D) microtubular lattice.
E) microtubules.

Question 61

mRNA is formed within the nucleus and then moves into the cytoplasm where it is involved in protein synthesis.

Question 62

Most intermediary metabolism is accomplished in the cytosol.

Question 63

Glycolysis generates ATP from glucose via aerobic processes.

Question 64

The endoplasmic reticulum is one continuous organelle consisting of many tubules and cisternae.

Question 65

Proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum become permanently separated from the cytosol as soon as they have been synthesized.

Question 66

Secretion refers to release to the cell's exterior, on appropriate stimulation, of a product produced by the cell

Question 67

The peroxisomes mainly generates hydrogen peroxide.

Question 68

Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis used for bringing in liquids.

Question 69

The lysosomes contain oxidative enzymes.

Question 70

The golgi complex is functionally connected to the ER.

Question 71

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism.

Question 72

Secretory vesicles are released to the exterior of the cell by means of the process of phagocytosis.

Question 73

RER is most abundant in cells specialized for steroid production.

Question 74

ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 75

The smooth ER specializes in protein metabolism.

Question 76

All cell organelles are renewable.

Question 77

Sorting and directing the finished products to their final destinations is basic function of the . Golgi stack.

Question 78

Endocytosis can be accomplished by phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Question 79

Glycolysis reactions generate the most ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 80

Pinocytosis is a highly selective process that enables cells to import specific large molecules that it needs from its environment