Deck 1: Science, Society, and Criminological Research

Question 1

When someone doesn't critically evaluate the ideas of those in positions of authority, they are committing this error in reasoning.

A)illogical reasoning
B)overgeneralization
C)selective observation
D)resistance to change

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The everyday error that involves the reluctance to change ideas even in light of new information is called ______.

A)overgeneralization
B)inaccurate observation
C)illogical reasoning
D)resistance to change

Answer 2

D

Question 3

If a woman says she is hungry and we think she said "hunted," we have made an)______.

A)selective observation
B)inaccurate observation
C)assumption error
D)selective observation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If a social service agency seeks better assessment of youth violence so they can identify needs and allocate responsibility among agencies that can meet those needs, we would say that they have ______ motivations to do research.

A)personal
B)academic
C)policy
D)epistemological

Question 5

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we are accepting ______.

A)wisdom and understanding
B)ego-based commitment
C)uncritical agreement with authority
D)none of these

Question 6

When we want to understand the direct relationship between two or more things, we are using which type of research?

A)exploratory
B)descriptive
C)explanatory
D)qualitative

Question 7

A social scientist who conducts research on youth violence after first volunteering in an organization dealing with at-risk youth may be said to have ______ motivations.

A)policy
B)academic
C)personal
D)egotistic

Question 8

Social science overcomes the reliance on tradition or unquestioning respect for authority by ______.

A)using systematic procedures for selecting individuals to study that are representative for the groups to which we hope to generalize
B)using explicit criteria for establishing causality
C)requiring systematic methods to answer questions
D)answering questions from an ego-based commitment

Question 9

A popular and versatile research method that uses a question format is an)______.

A)questionnaire
B)observation
C)experiment
D)survey

Question 10

The scientific method is a way of knowing that relies on empirical investigation, known as ______.

A)pseudoscience
B)methodology
C)epistemology
D)transparency

Question 11

Which of the following is not an important goal of social research?

A)exploration
B)evaluation
C)causation
D)description

Question 12

When we conclude what we have observed or what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases, we have committed this error in reasoning.

A)inaccurate observation
B)overgeneralization
C)resistance to change
D)illogical reasoning

Question 13

Both explanatory and evaluation research studies are concerned with the causes and effects of social phenomenA.The difference between them is that evaluation research focuses on the ______.

A)effect of particular policies or programs
B)meanings that people give their actions
C)description of the social phenomena of interest
D)consideration of the impact of social context

Question 14

Surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount are likely to employ which research method?

A)qualitative
B)constructivist
C)triangulation
D)quantitative

Question 15

Social science is best defined as ______.

A)a set of logical, systematic, documented methods for investigating nature and natural processes
B)the application of scientific methods to study humanity
C)systematic selection of social objects
D)the assumption that social phenomena resemble biological and chemical phenomena

Question 16

Researchers with a belief that an objective reality exists apart from the perceptions of those who observe it, are conducting research with this philosophy.

A)feminism
B)positivism
C)postpositivism
D)interpretivism

Question 17

A researcher believes girls are more preoccupied with the way they dress than boys.Due to this assumption, he focuses his observations only on girls and their interactions with their friends, neglecting how boys present themselves to others.This is an example of ______.

A)assumption error
B)overgeneralization
C)illogical reasoning
D)selective observation

Question 18

When we want to understand the direct relationship between two or more things, we are using which type of research?

A)exploratory
B)descriptive
C)explanatory
D)qualitative

Question 19

Research that seeks to discover the meanings people give to their actions would be conducting which type of research?

A)exploratory
B)descriptive
C)explanatory
D)evaluation

Question 20

The everyday error in reasoning that involves prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumption is known as ______.

A)overgeneralization
B)selective observation
C)illogical reasoning
D)resistance to change

Question 21

Exploratory research can be used to describe the impact of social programs.

Question 22

When we prematurely jump to conclusions, we are using ______.

A)the exploratory method
B)illogical reasoning
C)vague reasoning
D)all of these

Question 23

The goal of the traditional positivist scientific approach is to advance scientific knowledge.

Question 24

Developing valid knowledge about how society is organized does not tell us how society ______.

A)may be organized at some point
B)should be organized
C)interprets its organization
D)judges empirical data

Question 25

Analysis of data collected by someone other than the researcher is known as ______.

A)feminist research
B)ineffective research
C)secondary analysis
D)none of the these

Question 26

Overgeneralizations occur when people conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases.

Question 27

Secondary data analysis is the reanalysis of already existing datA.

Question 28

Methods such as surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount are ______.

A)inaccurate observations
B)overgeneralized methods
C)quantitative methods
D)qualitative methods

Question 29

The use of multiple methods to study one research question is known as triangulation.

Question 30

Research with a focus on women's lives that often includes an orientation to personal experience, subjective orientations, the researcher's standpoint, and emotions is ______.

A)positivist research
B)realist research
C)postpositivist research
D)feminist research

Question 31

Research in which social events of only one time period in the past are studied is known as ______.

A)mapping research
B)historical events research
C)analytical events research
D)quantitative research

Question 32

Exploratory research is designed to identify causes and effects.

Question 33

Participant observation, intensive interviewing, and focus groups that are designed to capture social life as participants experience it are ______.

A)quantitative methods
B)realist methods
C)epistemological methods
D)qualitative methods

Question 34

Selective observations are chosen because they are not in accord with the preferences or beliefs of the observer.

Question 35

Interpretivism is the belief that reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to that reality.

Question 36

Descriptive research suggests how social phenomena such as neighborhood characteristics)affect other social phenomena such as youth outcomes).

Question 37

Being transparent is an important feature of the scientific method in that it requires procedures, methods, and data analyses of any study to be presented clearly for the purposes of replication.

Question 38

The belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers is known as ______.

A)realism
B)positivism
C)postpositivism
D)intersubjective agreement

Question 39

Observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality are accurate observations.

Question 40

Prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions is called illogical reasoning.

Question 41

What is the YRBS? What does it measure?

Question 42

The constructivist paradigm is an extension of interpretivist philosophy.

Question 43

Identify and describe the four types of social research.

Question 44

Positivist guidelines say that a researcher should not maintain a skeptical stance toward current knowledge because they should have confidence in their investigations.

Question 45

What is intersubjective agreement?

Question 46

What are the motivations of social research?

Question 47

What does it mean to have an integrated philosophy in research?

Question 48

What is participant observation? Give an example.

Question 49

An example of ego-based commitments would be when we uncritically agree with authority figures.

Question 50

Resistance to change is the reluctance to change our ideas in light of new information.

Question 51

Positivists believe that there is an external, objective reality but are sensitive to the complexity of the reality and limitations of the scientists who study it.

Question 52

Explanatory research seeks to identify causes and effects of social phenomenA.

Question 53

One of the positivist guidelines is that ideas should be tested against empirical reality without becoming too personally invested in a particular outcome.

Question 54

What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods?

Question 55

What are mixed methods? What are advantages to using mixed methods?

Question 56

What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?

Question 57

What is the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research?

Question 58

What is participatory action research?

Question 59

What are the three reasons we might commit the everyday error called resistance to change?

Question 60

Researchers with a philosophy of positivism believe that an objective reality exists apart from the perceptions of those who observe it.

Question 61

What is a mixed-methods type of science?