Deck 19: Taxonomy,systematics,and Phylogeny

Question 1

Hair is a character shared by all mammals,but not found in their ancestral lineage.Hair is therefore considered to be a(n)

A)clade.
B)shared ancestral character (trait).
C)shared derived character (trait).
D)analogous structure.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A(n)________ is one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group.

A)shared ancestral character
B)cladistic characteristic
C)divergent characteristic
D)shared derived character
E)analogous structure

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Whittaker's classification included kingdom Monera,which included all prokaryotes.Why is this classification obsolete?

A)Based on fossil evidence,this group has been divided into three newly named kingdoms.
B)This kingdom now includes more organisms,so the name has been changed.
C)The prokaryotes,which were included in this kingdom,are now included in Protista.
D)Based on molecular data,Monera has been divided into the two distinct domains,Archaea and Bacteria.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following features would be used to construct a phylogenetic tree?

A)homologous structures
B)fossil record data
C)mtDNA sequences
D)amino acid sequences
E)All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 5

Of those listed,which level of classification is the most specific?

A)kingdom
B)phylum
C)family
D)domain
E)class

Question 6

The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes.Therefore,

A)it belongs to the genus Heraclides.
B)it belongs to the species cresphontes.
C)the specific epithet is cresphontes.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about taxonomy is NOT true?

A)In cladistics,a common ancestor and all its descendents that share one or more derived traits are placed in a single clade.
B)Analogous structures are derived from a common ancestral structure to perform the same function.
C)Biochemical data and the fossil record can be used to indicate the length of time since two species diverged from a common ancestor.
D)Homologous structures are derived from a single structure in the ancestor,although they may be adapted to different uses in the descendent species.

Question 8

Order these major taxonomic categories into an increasingly inclusive hierarchy.

A)genus,species,class,order,family,domain,kingdom,phylum
B)species,genus,family,order,class,phylum,kingdom,domain
C)domain,kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,species
D)class,order,family,genus,species,kingdom,phylum,domain

Question 9

Which of the following best represents analogous structures?

A)the arm of a human and the wing of a bat
B)the arm of a human and the leg of a human
C)the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bee
D)the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly

Question 10

In cladistics,________ is(are)the primary criterion used to classify organisms.

A)ecological niche
B)shared,derived traits
C)mating behavior
D)observable traits
E)All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 11

Which kingdom or supergroup is characterized by organisms that are saprotrophic by absorption?

A)Animal
B)Plant
C)Fungi
D)Protists

Question 12

Nonscientists often use the words "name," "identify," and "classify" interchangeably.When they want to know what an organism is,they may ask "Can you name this?" or "Can you identify this?" or "Can you classify this?" Which of the following is/are correct usage(s)of the term(s)?

A)Only the scientist who first describes a new species actually names it.
B)Classifying is grouping,and to classify something requires several organisms so you can group one as closer to a second and distant from a third.
C)A farmer using a key to detect pest insect species in his fields is identifying insects but not naming or necessarily classifying them.
D)A scientist who publishes the name and description of a new species must necessarily also know both how to identify and classify the species.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

A study of echinoderm embryos,such as sea stars,confirms a similar developmental pattern to that of vertebrates.In both,the blastopore becomes the anus.This would be considered

A)behavioral data.
B)convergent evolution.
C)analogy.
D)homology.
E)synapomorphy.

Question 14

________ is the process of naming and assigning organisms to a taxon.

A)Cladistics
B)Taxonomy
C)Phylogeny
D)Classification
E)None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 15

The amino acid sequences in cytochrome c were determined for chickens,ducks,and humans.Scientists found a difference of 3 amino acids between chickens and ducks,and 13 differences between chickens and humans.Based on this information,one can conclude that

A)chickens are as closely related to humans as they are to ducks.
B)chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans.
C)ducks are more closely related to humans than they are to chickens.
D)chickens are more closely related to humans than they are ducks.

Question 16

The use of a molecular clock may be used to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time

A)if nucleic acid changes are neutral and not tied to adaptation.
B)if nucleic acid changes occur at a fairly constant rate.
C)but is more strongly supported when it can be compared with the fossil record.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following domains include the majority of the organisms that were previously classified in kingdom Monera?

A)Bacteria and Eubacteria
B)Protista and Eukarya
C)Archaea and Algae
D)Eukarya and Bacteria
E)Archaea and Bacteria

Question 18

The scientific name of the American copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix and the scientific name of the Australian pygmy copperhead is Austrelaps labialis.Based on this information,which of the following statements is true?

A)Both copperheads are classified in the same genus.
B)Both copperheads are the same species.
C)The common name "copperhead" must mean the two snakes are closely related.
D)None of the above are correct.

Question 19

The evolution of organisms in the three domains and four kingdoms is most accurately described by which sequence?

A)Prokaryotes to Protists to Plants,from Plants separately to both Animals and Fungi
B)Prokaryotes to Fungi to Protists to Plants to Animals
C)Prokaryotes to Protists,from Protists separately to Fungi,Plants,and Animals
D)Protists to Prokaryotes to Fungi,from Fungi separately to Plants and Animals
E)Prokaryotes to Protists,separately to Animals and Plants with Fungi a loss of plant photosynthesis

Question 20

Which of the following are the three domains proposed in Woese's classification system?

A)Monera,Archaea,and Bacteria
B)Fungi,Monera,and Archaea
C)Archaea,Bacteria and Eukarya
D)Protista,Fungi,and Eukarya

Question 21

A taxon is the general name for a group of organisms that exhibit a set of shared traits.

Question 22

A recent book by a reputable biologist suggests there is a deep,hot,acidic biosphere under the Earth's crust that may have more biomass than all life at the Earth's surface.What type of organisms would most likely be found in this deep biosphere?

A)primitive animals
B)primitive heat-loving plants
C)fungi living on the detritus from above
D)thermoacidophilic archaea
E)viruses

Question 23

New data about rRNA led to the three-domain system of classification.

Question 24

Charles Darwin is credited with creating the binomial nomenclature system of classification.

Question 25

Which kingdom is correctly described?

A)Plants: multicellular and photosynthetic
B)Fungi: unicellular and photosynthetic
C)Animals: multicellular and saprotrophic
D)Protists: unicellular and heterotrophic only

Question 26

Scientists use Italian when constructing scientific names.

Question 27

The principle of parsimony states that a cladogram produces the best hypothesis about relationships of organisms when the maximum number of assumptions is considered.

Question 28

When comparing archaea with bacteria,

A)both archaea and bacteria are easily cultured and studied in the laboratory.
B)the chemical nature of the cell wall of archaea and bacteria is identical and shows their early relationship.
C)bacteria are not very diverse and are limited in distribution,while archaea are far more diverse and found everywhere.
D)the archaea and bacteria are both derived from early eukarya.
E)None of the choices are true.

Question 29

DNA or protein can be used as a "molecular clock" that tells how long it has been since two species have diverged from a common ancestor.

Question 30

DNA barcoding is a method that can be used to identify any organism.

Question 31

If you were using cladistics to construct a phylogenetic tree of birds,what is the best outgroup?

A)eagles
B)robins
C)bats
D)eastern bluebirds

Question 32

All of the following are true regarding systematics EXCEPT that it

A)is the study of the diversity of organisms at all levels of organization.
B)is the specific study of identification,naming,and classification of organisms.
C)relies on data from the fossil record,homology,and molecular data.
D)utilizes protein,DNA,and RNA comparisons to determine relatedness of individuals.

Question 33

When ectoparasites first arrive and adapt to the fur or feathery habitat of a host,they often lose more complex ancestral features.So it is possible to gain a trait in evolution and subsequently lose it.However,it is considered vastly improbable that this same trait will again re-evolve.Therefore,in trying to trace evolutionary lineages,can we always expect the most primitive forms to be the simplest and the most advanced to be the most complex? Why or why not?

Question 34

If there are so many million insects and so few scientists to describe them,perhaps we could just assign the insects numbers and descriptions,rather than names.Describe why this would not accomplish the same "job" as giving them a scientific name,and provide two potential items of knowledge that would be missing with just a number and description.Simply,what does naming an organism accomplish?

Question 35

Cladists feel that a cladogram is a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group.Using what you have learned about scientific hypotheses,support this view of a cladogram.

Question 36

Taxonomy

A)is the branch of biology dealing with the naming,identification,and classification of organisms.
B)uses a binomial system developed by Linnaeus.
C)uses reproductive isolation as the basis of definition of a species.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 37

Which of the following are ways in which scientific names are derived? Select all that apply.

A)Scientific names can be descriptive.
B)Scientific names are often based on an organism's common name.
C)Scientific names can include geographic descriptions.
D)Scientific names can be derived from the name of a person.
E)Scientific names can be based on mythical characters.

Question 38

Convergent evolution has occurred when distantly related species have a structure that looks the same only because of adaptation to the same type of environment.

Question 39

Single-celled eukaryotic cells belong to which of the following domains?

A)Eukarya
B)Fungi
C)Animalia
D)Plantae

Question 40

The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle could be thought of as a taxonomist since he sorted organisms into groups based on a set of shared traits.

Question 41

Which domains replaced kingdom Monera?

A)Archaea and Bacteria
B)Protista and Archaea
C)Bacteria and Eukarya
D)Archaea and Eukarya

Question 42

Domain Archaea is the only domain in which the organisms lack membrane-bound organelles.

Question 43

Which type of trait is more valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms?

A)derived
B)ancestral
C)Both traits are equally valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms.
D)Neither trait is useful in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms.

Question 44

What is the correct order of the Linnaean system of classification,starting with the most general category?

A)domain,kingdom,phylum,class
B)domain,phylum,class,kingdom
C)kingdom,class,phylum,species
D)genus,order,class,phylum

Question 45

Which of the following lists best describes the features used to classify an organism as a member of domain Bacteria?

A)Unicellular,lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles,contains ribosomes but lacks introns
B)Unicellular,contains a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles,contains ribosomes but lacks introns
C)Unicellular,lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles,contains introns but lacks ribosomes
D)Multicellular,lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles,contains introns but lacks ribosomes

Question 46

A multicellular organism with no cell wall would belong to which domain?

A)Eukarya
B)Monera
C)Bacteria
D)Archaea

Question 47

Which of the following scientific names includes an eponym?

A)Abies grandis
B)Zeus olympius
C)Allium hendersonii
D)Aconitum columbianum

Question 48

Which of the following lists of features exemplifies the domain Archaea?

A)Unicellular,varying branched lipids in their cell membrane,no nuclear envelope,and contain some introns
B)Multicellular,varying branched lipids in their cell membrane,no nuclear envelope,and contain some introns
C)Unicellular,unbranched phospholipids in their cell membrane,no nuclear envelope,and contain some introns
D)Unicellular,varying branched lipids in their cell membrane,nuclear envelope,and contain some introns

Question 49

Create a list of the features used to describe members of domain Eukarya.

Question 50

When creating a molecular clock,investigators often use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)because it mutates much more quickly than nuclear DNA.

Question 51

The opposable thumb in primates is an example of an ancestral trait in mammals,while mammary glands are an example of a derived trait.

Question 52

The scientific name of the family dog is Canis familiaris.Canis represents the species'

A)genus name.
B)species name.
C)phylum name.
D)kingdom.

Question 53

The newest issue of your favorite science magazine has an article about several recently discovered archaeans.These organisms were found living in swamp mud.Based on this information,these archaeans are probably halophiles.