Deck 5: Anxiety, obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma -Related Disorders

Question 1

Clark's model of panic postulates that panic attacks arise from

A)catastrophic misinterpretation of arousal-related bodily sensations.
B)the correct interpretation of bodily sensations.
C)raised levels of norepinephrine.
D)previous conditioning experiences.
E)lowered levels of norepinephrine.

Answer 1

catastrophic misinterpretation of arousal-related bodily sensations.

Question 2

The textbook cites research support for the following interpersonal factors as being involved in the anxiety and anxiety-related disorders:

A)parenting style / attachment style;parental criticism,overprotection,and control;peer victimization experiences in childhood
B)harsh and inconsistent punishment;peer victimization experiences in early childhood
C)coercive parental discipline techniques;over-crowded early social environment
D)at least one parent with an anxiety disorder;over-crowded early social environment
E)at least one parent with an anxiety disorder;early peer victimization

Answer 2

parenting style / attachment style;parental criticism,overprotection,and control;peer victimization experiences in childhood

Question 3

The role of GABA in anxiety was discovered after it was found that a class of drugs known as __________ reduce anxiety through their action on GABA.

A)tricyclics
B)benzodiazepines
C)SSRIs
D)bicyclics
E)monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Answer 3

benzodiazepines

Question 4

According to the two-factor theory of phobias,avoidance or escape serves as a __________ which prevents classically conditioned fears from being unlearned.

A)positive punisher
B)negative reinforcer
C)negative punisher
D)neutral stimulus
E)positive reinforcer

Question 5

The onset of panic disorder is typically

A)around childhood.
B)around late adolescence or young adulthood.
C)near late adulthood.
D)early to middle adulthood.
E)variable.

Question 6

The behavioural avoidance test (BAT)is used to measure and assess

A)agoraphobic avoidance.
B)derealization.
C)depersonalization.
D)paresthesias.
E)fear of dying.

Question 7

With regard to neurotransmitters involved in fear / anxiety

A)serotonergic circuits are primarily involved.
B)dopamine agonists increase the fear / anxiety response in animals.
C)the roles of GABA,norepinephrine and serotonin are the most studied.
D)Only GABA has been well studied but others are thought to be involved.
E)GABA's function in the brain is processing threat-related stimuli.

Question 8

According to the text,biological theories of anxiety emphasize all of the following except

A)neuroanatomy.
B)structural brain damage.
C)family history.
D)neurotransmitters.
E)genetics.

Question 9

Heather avoids situations such as travelling far from home,being alone in or outside the home and going into crowded places.Judging from this description,which of the following terms best encapsulates her behaviour?

A)Agoraphobia
B)Social anxiety disorder
C)Specific phobia
D)Panic attacks
E)Generalized anxiety

Question 10

Though panic attacks can occur in a variety of other disorders,in panic disorder they occur

A)more intensely.
B)predictably.
C)for longer periods of time.
D)more frequently.
E)spontaneously.

Question 11

Anxiety is distinguished from fear and panic because of the emphasis on __________.

A)fighting
B)the present
C)the past
D)the future
E)fleeing

Question 12

Cognitive factors involved in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders include:

A)dysfunctional attitudes,beliefs and thinking abilities.
B)maladaptive attitudes,beliefs and interpretive biases.
C)maladaptive beliefs,schemas,attention and processing biases,and automatic thoughts.
D)over-exaggerations in terms of number and degree of threats to the self.
E)over-exaggerations only in terms of degree of threats to the self.

Question 13

The neural circuit in fear / anxiety is believed to involve (from input to output):

A)sensory systems;frontal cortex;adrenal cortex;brain stem / spinal cord
B)sensory systems;thalamus;amygdala;hypothalamus;midbrain;brain stem / spinal
C)thalamus;hippocampus;basal ganglia;hypothalamus;brain stem / spinal
D)thalamus;occipital cortex;association cortex;motor cortex;brain stem/spinal
E)thalamus;temporal cortex;association cortex;motor cortex;brain stem / spinal

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true of panic disorder?

A)It afflicts more males than females.
B)People having panic attacks often feel they are having a heart attack.
C)The average age of onset is 25 years.
D)It is often underdiagnosed by heath care professionals.
E)It is often comorbid with other mental disorders.

Question 15

According to DSM-5,which of the following is not included as a core symptom of a panic attack?

A)the urge to scream
B)chest pain
C)derealization
D)sweating
E)nausea

Question 16

According to DSM-5,a(n)__________ is defined as a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by at least 4 of the 13 somatic,behavioural and cognitive symptoms listed (such as palpitations and fear of dying).

A)panic attack
B)anxiety attack
C)panic episode
D)acute attack
E)anxiety episode

Question 17

Approximately __________ % of the population may be expected to develop an anxiety or anxiety-related disorder at some point in their lives.

A)10
B)40
C)31
D)55
E)90

Question 18

Panic is defined as an extreme __________ reaction that is triggered by a(n)__________.

A)anxiety;future-oriented threat
B)emotional;perceived threat
C)fear;false alarm
D)anxiety;false alarm
E)emotional;imagined threat

Question 19

Support for the two-factor theory of fear was found in the case of __________,who developed a fear of ________.

A)Little Albert,spiders
B)Little Hans;horses
C)Little Albert;horses
D)Little Albert;rats
E)Little Hans;spiders

Question 20

References to anxiety have been made since __________,with the first references being made by _____ about __________.

A)Victorian era;Freud;a woman who feared men with cigars
B)the Middle Ages;Paracelsus;people who feared possession
C)the 18th century;Pinel;a patient with apparent agoraphobia
D)late 1800s;Kraepelin;a patient with apparent OCD-related disorder
E)beginning of history;Hippocrates;a man who feared flute music

Question 21

Research has shown:

A)that anxiety disorders appear to be unique to large urban environments.
B)that psychological explanations for anxiety disorders are common around the world.
C)that the DSM-5 anxiety disorders are expressed the same way around the world.
D)that in some cultures,heat in the chest is reported as part of the experience of anxiety.
E)that the DSM-5 does not acknowledge culturally-unique expressions of anxiety.

Question 22

According to the Dugas,Gagnon,Ladouceur,and Freeston (1998)model of generalized anxiety disorder,which of the following is one of the key elements underlying the disorder?

A)excessive amounts of catecholamines.
B)intolerance of uncertainty.
C)thought-action fusion.
D)poor interpersonal relations.
E)catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily arousal.

Question 23

Jim has a strong fear of eating in restaurants,but otherwise does not experience anxiety.His correct diagnosis would probably be

A)agoraphobia.
B)social anxiety disorder.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)specific phobia.
E)panic disorder.

Question 24

Cognitive factors associated with social anxiety disorder appear to involve

A)normal social information processing but negative beliefs about self and others.
B)abnormal social information processing despite generally positive beliefs about self and others.
C)abnormal social information processing.
D)abnormal social information processing and negative beliefs about self and others.
E)negative beliefs about self and others.

Question 25

The non-associative model of phobias claims that

A)evolution endowed humans not to respond fearfully to any kind of stimulus and that learning was necessary for very specific phobias to develop.
B)evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli but that learning is necessary to develop the phobia.
C)evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli but that learning is not necessary to develop the phobia.
D)evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli but that personal experience was necessary for a phobia to develop.
E)evolution endowed humans not to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli and that personal experience is necessary for a phobia to develop.

Question 26

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with generalized anxiety disorder in the DSM-5?

A)muscle tension
B)sleep disturbance
C)irritability
D)fear of losing control or going crazy
E)restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge

Question 27

For a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)the DSM-5 requires that the anxiety must be present more days than not for a period of at least

A)1 year.
B)6 weeks.
C)6 months.
D)6 days.
E)3 years.

Question 28

Which of the following is true regarding social anxiety disorder in DSM-5?

A)It has been re-classified as a trauma-and-stressor related-disorder,which has proven to be quite controversial.
B)It is characterized in part by a fear of being in tunnels or on bridges.
C)It has been re-classified as a subtype of specific phobia.
D)The duration criterion is now 3 months,rather than 6 months.
E)A person who endures but does not avoid social situations may receive this diagnosis.

Question 29

If the equipotentiality premise concerning specific phobias is true,then it must also be true that

A)a person cannot be afraid of both dogs and doors.
B)only neutral stimuli that involve animals can become phobias.
C)classical conditioning cannot explain the development of phobias.
D)only a select number of stimuli are consistently related to phobias.
E)all neutral stimuli have the potential for becoming phobias.

Question 30

Many of the etiological models of GAD are primarily __________ in nature.

A)neuropsychological
B)genetic
C)biological
D)behavioural
E)cognitive

Question 31

According to research,which of the following is an associated feature of generalized anxiety disorder?

A)excessive amounts of catecholamines.
B)elevated levels of anger.
C)elevated levels of paranoia.
D)elevated levels of disgust.
E)elevated levels of guilt.

Question 32

__________ has a prevalence rate comparable to unipolar depression.

A)Social anxiety disorder
B)PTSD
C)Generalized anxiety disorder
D)OCD
E)Panic disorder

Question 33

The term __________ refers to the fact that people prone to panic attacks tend to catastrophically misinterpret arousal-related bodily sensations.

A)panic sensitivity
B)alarm sensitivity
C)anxiety sensitivity
D)panic catastrophizing
E)anxiety catastrophizing

Question 34

The idea that individuals with panic disorder catastrophically misinterpret their bodily sensations is most consistent with __________ theories of panic disorder.

A)physiological-attribution
B)cognitive
C)physiological
D)biopsychological
E)bio-behavioral

Question 35

The concept of biological preparedness helps to explain why

A)learning to fear snakes is just as easy as learning to fear lamps.
B)it is impossible to develop two fears at the same time.
C)all stimuli have an equal potential for becoming specific phobias.
D)learning to fear snakes is easier than learning to fear lamps.
E)learning is not a necessary component in the development of phobias.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT one of the five specifiers of specific phobia listed in the DSM-5?

A)animal
B)specific situation
C)death
D)blood injection
E)environmental

Question 37

Worrying appears to help individuals with GAD avoid

A)panic attacks.
B)depression.
C)suicidal ideation.
D)physiological arousal.
E)stress.

Question 38

Research found that 92% of an adult sample of individuals with ____ were bullied or severely teased during childhood;this was at least twice as frequent as for __________ or __________

A)social anxiety disorder;OCD;panic disorder
B)panic disorder;OCD;social anxiety disorder
C)social anxiety disorder;specific phobia;PTSD
D)specific phobia;social anxiety disorder;OCD
E)anxiety disorders;depression;bipolar mood disorders

Question 39

With regard to panic and panic disorder,it is generally accepted that

A)panic attacks are relatively common in the population.
B)unexpected panic attacks are quite rare in the population;the majority of those who experience them are eventually diagnosed with panic disorder,provided they meet additional criteria.
C)the frequency of panic attacks is normally distributed in the population;those with frequency in the upper 5% are diagnosed with panic disorder.
D)the intensity of panic attacks is normally distributed in the population;those with intensity in the upper 5th percentile are diagnosed with panic disorder.
E)panic attacks only occur in persons with panic disorder.

Question 40

Research on disgust sensitivity supports the notion that

A)the fear of death is also an important component.
B)the cause of phobias may not always involve only fear of danger.
C)other emotions,such as anger,are necessary,for some phobias.
D)the cause of phobias must also always include a fear of contamination.
E)beliefs about being harmed are critical to the onset of some phobias.

Question 41

A physiological marker of PTSD is

A)decreased cortisol secretion.
B)smaller frontal lobes.
C)a smaller hypothalamus.
D)increased cortisol secretion.
E)an enlarged hippocampus.

Question 42

Most neuropsychological models of OCD implicate the following brain area:

A)frontal cortex
B)cerebellum
C)occipital lobe
D)spinal cord
E)hippocampus

Question 43

Both cognitive restructuring and exposure appear to be useful in the treatment of __________ disorder.

A)panic
B)obsessive-compulsive
C)generalized anxiety
D)social anxiety
E)phobic

Question 44

In an experiment,students were asked to complete the sentence,"I hope _____ is in a car accident" by inserting a friend's name in the blank space and imagining that the situation had occurred.The finding was that the participants engaged in action to cancel the effects of writing the sentence.This was a demonstration of:

A)thought action fusion.
B)intolerance of uncertainty.
C)obsessions.
D)fear of negative evaluation.
E)positive beliefs about worry.

Question 45

What is the central feature of DSM-5 body dysmorphic disorder?

A)Excessive preoccupation with actual body disfigurement.
B)Excessive preoccupation with imagined body disfigurement.
C)Excessive preoccupation with caloric intake.
D)Excessive preoccupation with the physical appearance of loved ones.
E)Excessive preoccupation with unattainable beauty ideals.

Question 46

__________ was the first psychological treatment to be thoroughly validated for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.

A)Psychoanalysis
B)Relaxation training
C)Exposure therapy
D)Hypnosis
E)Cognitive restructuring

Question 47

Behavioural or mental acts of neutralization appear to be

A)specific to OCD patients.
B)specific to male OCD patients.
C)specific to female OCD patients.
D)not common among OCD patients.
E)a normal and common activity.

Question 48

One commonly used technique in cognitive restructuring involves the use of

A)response prevention.
B)a fear hierarchy.
C)dual representation.
D)a thought record.
E)exposure.

Question 49

To qualify for a diagnosis of PTSD the individual must display symptoms for longer than _______ following a traumatic event.

A)one year
B)1 month
C)3 months
D)6 months
E)five years

Question 50

Concerning the risk factors for the development of PTSD,__________ appear to be the most powerful predictors.

A)childhood factors
B)interpersonal traumas
C)post-event factors
D)psychiatric histories
E)pre-event factors

Question 51

Worry imagery exposure was primarily developed for the treatment of __________.

A)social anxiety disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)specific phobia
E)panic disorder

Question 52

Which of the following is true regarding the memory of individuals with OCD who experience persistent doubting:

A)Research has confirmed that individuals with OCD have memory deficits.
B)Research has confirmed that individuals with OCD have superior memory relative to people without OCD.
C)Research has confirmed that individuals with OCD are affected by poor memory confidence.
D)Research has confirmed that individuals with OCD suffer from brief episodes of amnesia.
E)Research has confirmed that individuals with OCD typically have trouble remembering childhood events.

Question 53

The rationale underlying systematic desensitization is that

A)anxiety is due to uncontrollable thoughts or worries.
B)anxiety is an outcome of an abnormally functioning HPA-axis.
C)anxiety is a learned or conditioned response.
D)anxiety is due to a history of child abuse.
E)anxiety is due to poor interpersonal skills.

Question 54

With regard to PTSD,two important changes in DSM-5 include:

A)tightening of the criteria such that fewer people can be diagnosed with PTSD;behavioural specification of a number of terms that are currently vague.
B)addition of symptoms and behaviours to better incorporate the variety of reactions to trauma;distinction between avoidance symptoms and negative alterations in cognition and mood.
C)removal of the criterion that the person be directly exposed to the traumatic event;creation of subtypes based on type of avoidance.
D)increase in the duration requirement to 2 months;broadening of the way that impairment may manifest.
E)increase in the duration requirement to 6 months;broadening of the way that impairment may manifest.

Question 55

Research comparing OCD and BDD has found that

A)there is low co-occurrence between the two in families.
B)BDD is actually a subtype of OCD.
C)OCD is associated with greater suicidal ideation.
D)OCD confers higher risk for substance use.
E)BDD is associated with more delusions.

Question 56

Examples of obsessional themes include all of the following except:

A)contamination
B)sexual
C)order/symmetry
D)worry
E)harm

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT one of the four clusters of symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)Recurrent re-experiencing of the traumatic event
B)Exposure to a traumatic event
C)Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
D)Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
E)Repeated and unwanted day dreams

Question 58

The most commonly used and effective medications for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders today are __________.

A)antidepressants
B)the benzodiazepines
C)stimulants
D)antianxiety drugs
E)minor tranquilizers

Question 59

The main treatment for OCD involves exposure and

A)worry exposure.
B)ritual prevention.
C)interoceptive exposure.
D)worry behaviour prevention.
E)intense exposure.

Question 60

__________ are repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts performed in response to obsessions.

A)repeats
B)checks
C)compulsions
D)reiterations
E)motor disturbances

Question 61

It is possible to have a diagnosis of agoraphobia without history of panic disorder.

Question 62

Researchers hope to provide critical experimental tests of attachment vs.cognitive explanations of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,since these approaches are incompatible.

Question 63

Although females are more likely to develop a specific phobia,a surprising finding is that males tend to be higher in disgust sensitivity.

Question 64

We now know that GABA is the only neurotransmitter system dedicated to the fear and anxiety response.

Question 65

Research has shown that there are no cross-cultural differences in the expression of social anxiety disorder.

Question 66

Mowrer's two-factor theory satisfactorily explains why some stimuli (such as spiders)are more likely to become feared rather than others.

Question 67

__________ treatments for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders tend to have lower relapse rates.

A)Pharmacological
B)Cognitive-behavioural
C)Humanistic
D)Existential
E)Psychoanalytic

Question 68

From a cognitive perspective,panic disorder involves catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations.

Question 69

Obsessions are repetitive behaviours performed in response to repetitive,intrusive thoughts.

Question 70

Panic could be described as a "false alarm."

Question 71

Mowrer's two-factor model of fear and phobias proposes that fears are acquired through classical conditioning but are maintained through operant conditioning.

Question 72

The amygdala can effectively process external (i.e. ,fear-provoking)stimuli and determine its survival relevance without the influence of higher brain functioning.

Question 73

Family studies indicate that up to 50% of those suffering from anxiety and anxiety- related disorders have an immediate family member who also suffers from one as well.

Question 74

Mythical and historical accounts of anxiety reactions date as far back as the existence of writing.

Question 75

Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder often avoid activities such as drinking coffee and having sex because they frequently misinterpret the resulting bodily sensations of arousal.

Question 76

Specific parenting behaviours and styles have been associated with increased risk of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.

Question 77

If a first degree relative has an anxiety and/or anxiety-related disorder,then the offspring have 4-6 times the risk of inheriting that specific anxiety disorder.

Question 78

The equipotentiality premise,as it applies to phobias,is widely accepted as true.

Question 79

Individuals who are susceptible to anxiety and anxiety-related disorders do not appear to have atypical beliefs about the self,but have been found to have a number of distorted beliefs about specific threats in the environment.

Question 80

Anxiety and anxiety-related related disorders are the third most common mental disorder,second only to mood disorders and eating disorders.