Deck 1: Concepts of Abnormality Throughout History

Question 1

Plato accepted many of Hippocrates' ideas,but rejected others.Which of the following best describes his belief about the cause of mental illness?

A)that an imbalance in essential bodily fluids affects functioning
B)that brain dysfunction affects behaviour
C)that sociocultural factors play a critical role
D)lack of education could cause mental illness
E)that mental illness has natural causes

Answer 1

that mental illness has natural causes

Question 2

If you lived in a society that explained changes in the weather as being influenced by the gods,you would likely view madness as being caused by

A)schizophrenia.
B)demon possession.
C)brain dysfunction.
D)weakness of character.
E)irrational thoughts.

Answer 2

demon possession.

Question 3

According to the text,behaviour,speech or thought that impairs a person's ability to function in a way that is generally expected of them in the context where the unusual functioning is occurring corresponds best to which of the following concepts?

A)mental illness
B)mental problem
C)brain pathology
D)psychological abnormality
E)psychological disorder

Answer 3

psychological abnormality

Question 4

According to Wakefield,a behaviour can be considered disordered when:

A)there is evidence of failure in a designed function and a judgment that the design failure is harming the person.
B)there is evidence of failure in a designed function and evidence of significant personal distress.
C)there is evidence of a failure in a designed function.
D)the behaviour shows strong statistical deviation from an established norm.
E)the behaviour is very different from sociocultural expectations.

Question 5

Changes in the way that abnormality has been viewed over time has resulted in

A)a clear understanding of the etiology of all mental disorders.
B)effective treatments for all disorders.
C)fewer diagnostic categories.
D)high reliability of all diagnoses.
E)a shift from supernatural to natural causes in explaining disorders.

Question 6

Which is the most sensible way to logically combine the criteria used to define psychological abnormality?

A)[infrequency OR personal distress] AND impaired functioning
B)[infrequency OR impaired functioning] AND personal distress
C)infrequency AND [personal distress OR impaired functioning]
D)infrequency AND personal distress AND impaired functioning
E)infrequency OR personal distress OR impaired functioning

Question 7

Dr.Smith is working with a client who has to arrange and rearrange her food on her plate after each bite.Although her client does not find this behaviour strange,other people find it odd.The definition of abnormality applicable to this client is

A)statistically unusual behaviour.
B)violating the norms of society.
C)distress to self and others.
D)personal dysfunction.
E)expert diagnosis.

Question 8

An ancient Greek was behaving quite aggressively and was quite short-tempered.He would likely have been diagnosed as having

A)too little yellow bile.
B)an excess of blood.
C)excess phlegm.
D)too much yellow bile.
E)an overabundance of black bile.

Question 9

The authors discuss the Violation of Cultural Norms criterion as:

A)an essential and sufficient component in defining psychological abnormality
B)a necessary but not sufficient component of defining abnormality
C)a consideration that will often be relevant to defining abnormality
D)distinct from considerations of psychological abnormality
E)a distraction from considerations of abnormality

Question 10

Hippocrates believed that psychological functioning was influenced by imbalances in bodily fluids.Each of the following was considered an essential fluid EXCEPT

A)blood
B)black bile
C)cerebrospinal fluid
D)yellow bile
E)phlegm

Question 11

Hippocrates played a major role in the way the causes and treatment of mental disorders were viewed.However,his greatest contribution to psychology was

A)being the father of psychoanalysis.
B)proving the value of leading a healthy life in preventing madness.
C)emphasizing the natural causes of mental illness.
D)separating the causes of madness into medical and magical causes.
E)his idea that psychological functioning resulted from disturbances of bodily fluids.

Question 12

Perhaps the biggest problem with using inappropriate behaviour as a criterion for abnormal behaviour is

A)what is considered appropriate differs across time and location.
B)people with mental illnesses are usually not dangerous.
C)social norms tend to be constant over time.
D)inappropriate behaviour is often the norm in North American culture.
E)killers and murderers are generally sane.

Question 13

Abnormal behaviour has been defined as behaviour that occurs infrequently.Which of the following examples illustrates a problem with this definition?

A)People with IQs below 70 are considered to have abnormal intellectual functioning.
B)Most people get depressed from time to time.
C)Mathematical geniuses are considered rare in the population.
D)Children often believe in the existence of monsters.
E)Anxiety disorders are relatively rare in a given population.

Question 14

Your housemate has been overly concerned with keeping the kitchen clean.In fact,he scrubs the sinks and counters for half an hour each time someone puts something on them.In order to determine his diagnosis,a practitioner in North America would most likely consult the

A)American Medical Association's Treatment Manual (AMA-TM).
B)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fifth edition (DSM-5)
C)International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).
D)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,sixth edition (DSM-6).
E)The North American Guide to Psychiatric Disorders (NAPD-IV).

Question 15

What type of treatment was thought to be used by Stone Age people to treat madness?

A)religious chanting
B)death
C)herbal brews to poison evil spirits
D)trephination
E)exorcism

Question 16

Maher and Maher proposed that the real purpose of trephination during the Stone Age was to:

A)relieve migraines
B)promote blood circulation in the limbs
C)to bring people closer to a higher power
D)to remove blood clots caused by blows to the head
E)promote greater blood flow to the brain

Question 17

According to Hippocrates,mental disorders should be treated by which one of the following?

A)exorcism
B)magical spells
C)trephination
D)healthy diet and exercise
E)food and water deprivation

Question 18

Psychopathology refers to

A)the same disorder as psychopathy.
B)disorders of the brain.
C)a physical cause to psychological problems.
D)only severe psychological disorders.
E)the study of the nature of psychological problems.

Question 19

To whom can we credit the original idea that dreams play an important role in understanding mental illness?

A)Freud
B)Aristotle
C)Plato
D)Hippocrates
E)Galen

Question 20

Which one of the following combinations of principles has been used to define abnormality?

A)diagnosis by an expert,presence of personal distress,evidence of poor emotional control
B)presence of personal distress,delinquent activity,poor emotional control
C)violation of norms,abnormal intellectual functioning,presence of personal distress
D)infrequency,presence of personal distress,impaired functioning
E)psychiatric diagnosis,harmful dysfunction,abnormal intellectual functioning

Question 21

The notion of "possession" during the Middle Ages was often applied to

A)people who disagreed with Church doctrine.
B)people who sinned frequently.
C)men who physically abused their wives.
D)people who had suffered a nervous breakdown.
E)people suffering from a mental illness.

Question 22

Jennifer is a psychotherapist,and she considers talking about problems to be therapeutic.Which of the following groups would most likely agree with her?

A)early Egyptians
B)Arabians
C)classical Greek and Romans
D)Europeans during the Middle Ages
E)prehistoric people

Question 23

Your sister suddenly begins to leap about,jumping and dancing in the streets.During the Middle Ages,she would most likely be diagnosed with

A)melancholia.
B)trephination.
C)the Tarantella.
D)an excess of phlegm.
E)spiritus vitae.

Question 24

Early Arab asylums were established to

A)protect society from the mentally ill.
B)provide the mentally ill with a safe haven.
C)begin the tradition of group therapy.
D)reintroduce trephination as a major form of treatment.
E)fulfill the requirements of the Quran.

Question 25

The mental hygiene movement

A)resulted in a reduction in the number of people in institutions.
B)resulted in an increase in patients in mental institutions.
C)led to an increase in moral therapy.
D)was criticized by Philippe Pinel.
E)led to the advent of antipsychotic drugs.

Question 26

Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine may have included early forms of which of the following modern methods of treatment?

A)homeopathic treatment
B)dream analysis
C)behaviour therapy
D)psychotherapy
E)bloodletting

Question 27

English "workhouses" were

A)established during the Enlightenment period to deal with the insane.
B)run by the patients.
C)run by physicians.
D)were special places where the mentally ill could work.
E)used to hide the poor from society.

Question 28

Which of the following persons and treatments DO NOT match?

A)Paracelsus and hypnotism
B)Hippocrates and rest
C)Galen and sympathetic listening
D)Weyer and chanting
E)Avicenna and behavior therapy

Question 29

Treatment in the town of Gheel is similar to

A)modern day treatment programs.
B)a humanistic approach.
C)a community treatment approach.
D)that of the early Greeks.
E)treatment advocated by many of the early Europeans.

Question 30

All of the following are valid criticisms of the mental hygiene movement EXCEPT

A)psychosocial treatments were less effective due to the large number of patients.
B)physical treatments were often unpleasant.
C)living conditions in the asylums were unpleasant.
D)the original goals of the movement were less than noble.
E)overcrowding in asylums prevented proper care.

Question 31

Which of the following individuals is known for promoting a more humanitarian approach in mental hospitals?

A)Benedict Morel
B)Philippe Pinel
C)St.Vincent de Paul
D)Johannes Weyer
E)Benjamin Rush

Question 32

The spiritus vitae was

A)a disorder where people begin to dance in the streets and drink red wines.
B)a spirit believed to possess individuals and cause madness.
C)a bodily fluid believed by Paracelsus to result in mental illness.
D)a naturalistic cause of madness.
E)the venom of the tarantula.

Question 33

The term "bedlam" originated from

A)a method of treatment used in early asylums.
B)the lack of beds that was common in early asylums.
C)the bizarre behaviour known as St.Vitus' dance.
D)moments of frenzy among mad people.
E)behaviour of the patients in deplorable early European asylums.

Question 34

What occurred at the Allen Memorial Hospital during the late 1950s and early 1960s?

A)brain washing experiments.
B)Dialectical behaviour therapy.
C)administration of cannabis for the treatment of depression.
D)humane treatment of patients.
E)administration of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.

Question 35

During the 13th and 14th centuries,a woman caught talking to her garden plants would

A)be treated by either prayer or exorcism of demons.
B)be treated with hypnotism.
C)be treated using special herbs and potions.
D)be accused of witchcraft and tortured to prevent her evil powers from spreading.
E)be considered psychotic.

Question 36

The idea that both mental and physical disorders are caused by problems in the body was held by

A)Soranus.
B)Aristotle.
C)Plato.
D)the Greek physician Aretaeus.
E)Hippocrates.

Question 37

According to Paracelsus,St.Vitus' Dance was caused by

A)tarantula bites.
B)psychic conflicts.
C)imbalances in bodily fluids.
D)mania.
E)possession by evil spirits.

Question 38

Early treatment of mentally ill individuals in the United States

A)was more successful than many of the earlier treatments had been.
B)was more humane than most of the approaches outside North America.
C)was at times similar in cruelty to early supernatural treatments.
D)differed from European treatment due to different societal values.
E)was less successful than treatments introduced during the Middle Ages.

Question 39

Moral therapy implies that

A)psychological therapy should be administered by the Church.
B)psychological therapy should be used more often.
C)mentally ill patients can benefit from spiritual enlightenment.
D)mentally ill patients need to be taught a moralistic approach to life.
E)mentally ill patients can be treated without chemical or physical restraints.

Question 40

What do the views of Paracelsus,Teresa of Avila,and St.Vincent de Paul have in common?

A)They all attempted to develop a new system of classification.
B)They believed that religious approaches could lead to a cure.
C)They established asylums to humanely care for the mad.
D)They argued for a more naturalistic approach to viewing mental illness.
E)Each of them contributed to Freud's system of psychoanalysis.

Question 41

Jason has been given Ritalin to control his hyperactive moods.He is receiving

A)pharmacotherapy.
B)palliative therapy.
C)psychotherapy.
D)psychosurgery.
E)psychoanalysis.

Question 42

Groups of symptoms that tend to occur together are called

A)biological.
B)disabilities.
C)categories.
D)diatheses.
E)syndromes.

Question 43

Clinical Psychiatry,published by Kraepelin in 1883,was an important textbook because it

A)introduced pioneering treatments for severe mental disorders.
B)explained the causes of many common mental disorders.
C)attempted to classify mental illnesses.
D)joined together the professions of clinical psychology and psychiatry.
E)described methods of treatment for psychiatric disorders.

Question 44

Somatogenesis refers to

A)a disorder where people feel their body is not theirs.
B)the idea that mental disorders are caused by biological factors.
C)somatization disorder.
D)a method of treating general paresis.
E)the idea that mental disorders are caused by environmental factors.

Question 45

What were some of the harmful side effects of ECT when it was first used?

A)patients experienced uncontrollable panic attacks during the procedure.
B)the procedure recovered memories of childhood abuse.
C)patients started to develop flashbacks that persisted after ECT was over.
D)patients developed lesions that were not there prior to ECT.
E)patients suffered broken limbs or cracked vertebrae.

Question 46

______ introduced "degeneration" theory,which proposed that abnormal functioning was transmitted by hereditary processes.

A)Pinel
B)Cabanis
C)Charles Darwin
D)Cesare Lombroso
E)Benedict Morel

Question 47

Which of the following is a classification system of mental illness?

A)CP-10
B)GPI
C)ECT
D)WRS-R
E)DSM-5

Question 48

Which series depicts the best order of the transmission of ideas?

A)Charcot > Mesmer > Breuer > Janet > Freud
B)Mesmer > Charcot > Breuer > Janet > Freud
C)Charcot > Freud > Breuer > Mesmer > Janet
D)Charcot > Freud > Mesmer > Janet > Breuer
E)Mesmer > Charcot > Janet > Breuer > Freud

Question 49

Which of the following accomplishments are NOT attributed to Pinel?

A)looking to natural explanations as the cause of mental illness
B)clearly describing the symptoms of disorders
C)emphasizing the role of psychological and social factors in the development of mental illness
D)developing a systematic approach to classifying disorders
E)bringing moral therapy to North America

Question 50

Mesmer believed that hysteria was the result of

A)a wandering uterus.
B)disturbances in the distribution of magnetic fluids.
C)imbalances in brain chemicals.
D)too little of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
E)animal magnetism.

Question 51

"All mental disorders are the result of biological problems." Who would be most likely to agree with this statement?

A)Breuer
B)Kraepelin
C)Jung
D)Freud
E)Watson

Question 52

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)proved to be most successful in treating

A)epilepsy
B)anxiety
C)drug addiction
D)major depression
E)schizophrenia

Question 53

You are one of Mesmer's assistants during the 1700s.Your treatment of choice for dealing with hysteria would be considered a predecessor of

A)psychopharmacotherapy.
B)hypnotism.
C)spiritual healing.
D)the cathartic method.
E)psychotherapy.

Question 54

Cabanis (1757-1808)introduced the idea that personal factors as well as somatic factors accounted for mental disorders.His theories encouraged the _____ approach to treatment.

A)physical
B)social
C)institutional
D)psychological
E)biological

Question 55

Symptoms during the later stages of general paresis of the insane may show similarity to

A)bipolar disorder.
B)dementia.
C)antisocial personality disorder.
D)autism.
E)schizophrenia.

Question 56

Dr.Ramos treats patients suffering from mood disorders,and she believes that their illnesses are a result of imbalances of chemicals in the brain.She would most likely adhere to which field of mental health?

A)psychopharmacology
B)cognitive psychology
C)psychoanalysis
D)clinical psychology
E)health psychology

Question 57

Kraepelin's system of classification of mental illness

A)did not influence later classification systems.
B)suggested that psychological factors caused disorders.
C)failed to recognize that certain groups of symptoms tended to occur together.
D)recognized that different disorders had distinct features.
E)offered suggestions for treatment.

Question 58

Sakel administered insulin to patients in order to induce _____ which he believed would cure or reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia

A)relaxation
B)seizures
C)shock
D)coma
E)low blood sugar

Question 59

The textbook informs us that the process of deinstitutionalization was set in motion by three "revolutions" or movements:

A)pharmacological revolution;patients' rights movement;and community mental health movement
B)The French Revolution and the appointment of Philippe Pinel;patients' rights movement;upheavals in various local Canadian asylums
C)the French Revolution;American Revolution;the patients' rights movement
D)The French Revolution;American Revolution;Pinel's "revolution"
E)The European Revolution;the North American revolution;the grassroots movement.

Question 60

Insulin was used by Sakel during the mid-20th century in order to treat:

A)schizophrenia
B)anxiety disorders
C)depression
D)diabetes
E)alcoholism

Question 61

Canadian psychologist Donald Meichenbaum's early work contributed significantly to the growth of ____ therapy.

A)moral
B)social-behaviour
C)psychopharmalogical
D)cognitive-behavioural
E)social learning

Question 62

Archival evidence shows that many early lobotomies were performed in Canada primarily to:

A)restore calm and reason to the patient so that they could participate in psychotherapy
B)reduce suffering in patients with acute occipital dysfunction
C)alleviate hospital management problems and advance research
D)determine the role of the cerebellum in cases of severe emotional problems
E)cure schizophrenia

Question 63

Montreal's Allen Memorial Hospital was

A)the first place in Canada to use psychoanalysis.
B)founded by Ewen Cameron.
C)a place where the criminally insane were housed.
D)the site of a research project funded by the CIA.
E)a leading Canadian hospital in the treatment and care of psychiatric patients.

Question 64

Mental illness conveys the same meaning as psychological abnormality,but it implies a medical or somatogenic rather than psychogenic cause.

Question 65

In writing an essay on behaviourism,you would be likely to include all of the following statements EXCEPT

A)abnormal behaviour is learned.
B)psychology must be restricted to observable behaviour.
C)behavioural approaches produced a revolution in psychological thought.
D)Watson acknowledged that abnormal behaviour was likely present at birth.
E)behavioural approaches have become established in treatment of disorders.

Question 66

In the mid to late 1800s,several therapists became quite well known.Which of the following represents a correctly matched therapist and his treatment?

A)Breuer & the cathartic method
B)Charcot & anesthesia therapy
C)Mesmer & animal hypnosis
D)Freud & sex therapy
E)Watson & hypnotherapy

Question 67

Which theorists have a psychogenic approach to understanding psychopathology?

A)Freud;Watson;Meichenbaum
B)Morel;Freud;Watson
C)Kraeplin;Morel;Freud
D)Krafft-Ebing;Morel;Cerletti
E)Cerletti;Janet;Pavlov

Question 68

The Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)aims to:

A)be a catalyst for the reform of mental health policies
B)facilitate,enable,and support a national approach to mental health issues
C)diminish stigma and discrimination faced by Canadians living with mental disorders
D)disseminate evidence-based information about mental health and mental illness
E)reduce the role of psychiatry in the healthcare system

Question 69

Dr.Ruth Kajander can be noted for

A)unique blend of drug and talk therapy with severely disordered patients.
B)her role in the CIA-funded research in Montreal.
C)recognizing the value of tranquillizers in treating depression.
D)treating and reducing anxiety in patients prior to surgery.
E)using chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia.

Question 70

__________ believed that hypnotism was not valuable in treating hysteria.

A)Braid
B)Breuer
C)Charcot
D)Janet
E)Watson

Question 71

Each of the following persons based in Canada contributed to both theory and treatment EXCEPT

A)J.F.Lehman
B)Donald Meichenbaum
C)Albert Bandura
D)Zindel Segal
E)Richard Walters

Question 72

The first textbook printed in Canada dealing with care and housing of the mentally ill

A)encouraged patience and tolerance.
B)suggested that the mentally ill be treated at home.
C)reflected the moral therapy approach.
D)recommended treating them with floggings.
E)recommended drug therapy.

Question 73

Dr.Ruth Kajander was one of the first psychiatrists in North America to recognize the value of using

A)Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychosis.
B)Exercise to treat severe major depression.
C)Antidepressant medication to treatment substance use disorders.
D)A major tranquilizer in the treatment of schizophrenia.
E)Vitamin B12 in the treatment of mental illness.

Question 74

Lobotomies were widely used treatments in Canada during the mid-1940s.This treatment involved

A)lesioning of the brain by electrodes.
B)pharmacotherapy.
C)removal or disconnection of the frontal lobes of the brain.
D)removal of the cerebellum.
E)removal of the ovaries in women.

Question 75

Which of the following is true regarding access to care in Canada?

A)Access to care is among the best in North America.
B)Access to care serves as a world model for how to optimize health care.
C)Access to care through the public health system is insufficient.
D)Access to care through workplace insurance benefits is among the best in the world.
E)Access to care is excellent for children but not for adults.

Question 76

Which of the following persons and accomplishments are INCORRECTLY matched?

A)Breuer and hypnosis
B)Meichenbaum and cognitive-behaviour therapy
C)Bandura and social learning theory
D)Kajander and depression
E)Bandura and aggressive behaviour

Question 77

Evidence-based practice is defined in the textbook as:

A)integrating scientific evidence and individual expertise to inform optimum client care
B)gathering evidence that certain methods are applicable to certain disorders
C)gathering data from clinical practice to inform clinical research
D)choosing methods in clinical practice that are based upon experimental evidence
E)choosing methods in clinical practice that are based upon case study evidence

Question 78

According to behaviourism,if psychology is to be

A)covert behaviour
B)observable features
C)cellular activity
D)the brain
E)animals

Question 79

During the 17th century,in which Canadian province was it that the development of proper places of care for the mentally ill was most accepted?

A)Alberta
B)Manitoba
C)Quebec
D)British Columbia
E)Ontario

Question 80

The first asylum for the mentally ill established in Canada was

A)Vancouver Psychiatric Hospital.
B)Montreal's Allen Memorial Hospital.
C)the Rockwood asylum in Kingston.
D)the Hotel Dieu in Quebec.
E)the Hotel Dieu in Calgary.