Deck 4: Socialization and the Life Course

Question 1

Genie was studied intensively by scientists primarily interested in

A) how physical attractiveness affects personality.
B) language acquisition and the psychological effects of extreme confinement.
C) how age chronology affects one's social development.
D) how the human genome affects personality development.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How is socialization related to conformity?

A) Some people conform too much as a result of socialization.
B) Most people need to be coerced into conformity because socialization is incomplete.
C) It is only the threat of some type of punishment that makes people conform to social norms.
D) People do not respond to the subtle influence of social pressure to conform, even after years of socialization.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is not an evidence that socialization serves as a form of social control?

A) Learned beliefs and the expectations of others are enough to keep most people in line.
B) A person experiences pressure when they deviate from what others believe.
C) Internalizing social norms causes most people to conform without the use of coercion or violence.
D) Social control eliminates individuality.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

How do most sociologists view conformity?

A) Socialization causes humans to passively conform to social norms.
B) Even after socialization it is very difficult to get most people to conform.
C) It is possible for some people to conform too much.
D) Conformity ends when it leads people to enter into potentially dangerous behaviors.

Question 5

Which of the following is false in regard to socialization and conformity?

A) All people are unique to some degree.
B) Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality.
C) People resist some of society's expectations.
D) Most people do conform to varying degrees.

Question 6

Through the process of socialization, we do all of the following except

A) learn the customs, habits, and practices of one's society.
B) develop our identity.
C) form our individual personality.
D) express genetic traits.

Question 7

Which of the following is true of socialization?

A) The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social factors.
B) The process of socialization is exclusively considered psychological.
C) Through socialization, genetics determine behaviors.
D) Personality is the basis for socialization.

Question 8

A student being intellectually gifted in math is an example of _.

A) an innate trait
B) a social experience
C) a combination of nature and nurture
D) social control

Question 9

are the expected behavior associated with a given status in society.

A) Roles
B) Norms
C) Folkways
D) Values

Question 10

From a sociological perspective, what a person becomes

A) is a result of innate traits.
B) emerges throughout life.
C) results from social experiences.
D) is mainly genetic.

Question 11

According to sociologists, when men engage in risky behaviors, they often are the victims of _.

A) innate behavior
B) socialization based on gender
C) reactive socialization
D) low self-worth

Question 12

The case of Genie, a girl who was isolated for most of her childhood, illustrates that

A) human beings need social contact for normal development.
B) the human genome project will be able to create humans.
C) human development is possible without socialization.
D) society does not play an important rolein human development.

Question 13

To say that not only do people live in society, but society also lives in people, is to recognize socialization as a form of .

A) social control
B) nature
C) innate knowledge
D) conformity

Question 14

Marcus and Taylor have learned their expected behaviors so well that they no longer question them. This is an example of .

A) internalization
B) socialization
C) role confusion
D) conformity

Question 15

In regard to the "nature versus nurture" debate, sociologists would tend to emphasize _.

A) nature
B) nurture
C) both
D) neither

Question 16

In sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called _.

A) criminalization
B) socialization
C) social control
D) punishments

Question 17

Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially .

A) static
B) differentiated
C) constructed
D) interactive

Question 18

Most sociologists would probably agree that in the "nature versus nurture" debate,

A) nature is more important than nurture in the development of humanness.
B) neither is more important.
C) human development is the result of the interaction of natural and social influences.
D) nurture seems to be the ultimate determinant of human nature.

Question 19

Mary is discussing her feelings about her country. Her consistent pattern of feelings toward her country is part of her _.

A) personality
B) identity
C) nature
D) innate beliefs

Question 20

Social scientists debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the _____ debate.

A) inherent-innate
B) internal-external
C) nature-nurture
D) sociology-biology

Question 21

Which of these is not generally viewed as a consequence of socialization?

A) People have the capacity for seeing oneself through the perspective of another.
B) People have the ability to understand the ways in which they are socialized.
C) People have a tendency to act in socially acceptable ways.
D) People are bearers of culture.

Question 22

Socialization agents are those who pass on social expectations. According to the text,

A) social institutions are socialization agents in adulthood only.
B) people are not socialization agents.
C) everyone is potentially a socializing agent.
D) it is impossible to identify the true socialization agents in society.

Question 23

As agents of socialization, sports

A) are more important sources of identity for men than women.
B) are where many ideas about gender differences are formed and reinforced.
C) have historically been significant in the formation of women's identity.
D) have been less significant in the development of masculine identity than was previously believed.

Question 24

Current research on women in sports has found that women athletes

A) have low self-esteem when they compare themselves to male athletes.
B) develop a strong sense of bodily competence.
C) have difficulty bonding with other women.
D) are considered more feminine than other women.

Question 25

Sociologists use the term to refer to the subtle messages about social roles that are conveyed through classroom interaction and classroom materials.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) tracking system
C) hidden curriculum
D) unequal discourse

Question 26

Which of the following is true of religious socialization?

A) Religious instruction contributes greatly to the identities children construct for themselves.
B) Children tend to develop the same religious beliefs as their parents .
C) Higher religiosity is connected to sexist views, especially among men.
D) All of these are true of religious socialization.

Question 27

One consequence of socialization is that it makes people bearers of culture. Put another way,:

A) Socialization is passed on through genes.
B) Socialization makes little difference in people's lives.
C) Socialization creates the tendency to act in socially unacceptable ways.
D) Socialization creates culture and is also created by culture.

Question 28

Which of the following has increased its influence on our socialization?

A) The family
B) The mass media
C) Peer groups
D) Education

Question 29

Sports are a good example of the power of socialization in _.

A) organized settings
B) areas of social control
C) our everyday lives
D) formal organizations

Question 30

Psychoanalytic theories of socialization are based on the work of Sigmund Freud, whose contribution related to the

A) looking-glass self.
B) I and the Me.
C) idea that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior.
D) need for psychoanalysis for everyone to discover their true self.

Question 31

Research on education in the U.S. implies that

A) the expectations encountered in schools are much the same for most students.
B) studying socialization in schools is an excellent way to see the influence of gender, class, and race in shaping socialization.
C) girls receive more attention in the curriculum than boys.
D) even when boys and girls are segregated into different groups, the sociological consequences are the same.

Question 32

The difference in how American and Japanese mothers talk to their children demonstrates that

A) socialization practices reflect what is important in a particular culture.
B) not all cultures practice socialization at home.
C) patterns of socialization are the same throughout the world.
D) across cultures, how mothers speak to their children is remarkably similar.

Question 33

Sociologists have found that religious beliefs are taught by parents to their children. Which of the following is a probable outcome of this type of religious socialization?

A) Children tend to develop the same religious beliefs as their parents.
B) Children develop their own religious beliefs, based on their own spiritual experiences.
C) Children often adopt the religious beliefs of their peers.
D) Children's religious beliefs are most influenced by the mass

Question 34

When Johnny experiences an agent of socialization providing social approval and support, the agent is most likely his _.

A) family
B) peer group
C) religious community
D) school

Question 35

Religion is a powerful socialization agent. What is the impact of religion during one's childhood?

A) Religious instruction is important to the identities children construct in their childhood.
B) Children typically develop very different belief systems than those of their parents.
C) Regardless of how they are raised, children tend to grow away from their earliest religious training.
D) Children are likely to not understand religion until they are adults.

Question 36

Michael Messner's research on men and sports shows that

A) sports are often the context for developing relationships between fathers and sons.
B) most men strive for a professional sporting career.
C) for most men their closest peer relationships are within sports.
D) sports are more influential for men than for boys.

Question 37

According to Pryor, John H., et al. 2011, men are likely to rate themselves as than women.

A) more cooperative
B) more spiritual
C) more self-confident
D) better writers

Question 38

Which of the following is true about peers as agents of socialization?

A) Peer cultures for young people often take the form of cliques.
B) Peers are much less important than other agents of socialization.
C) Peer culture is more important for adults than it is for adolescents.
D) Peer culture is limited to the teen years.

Question 39

Which of the following is true about the family as an agent of socialization?

A) The family is rarely a person's first source of socialization.
B) In today's world, parents have a very minor role in the development of their child's identity.
C) Not all families socialize children in the same way or into the same expectations.
D) The media is a more important source of gender socialization than the family.

Question 40

Bob is reflecting on how he experienced socialization. He is thinking about his _.

A) innate experiences
B) self-concept
C) nature
D) personality

Question 41

According to , society maintains its stability through socialization.

A) symbolic interactionism
B) social learning theory
C) functionalism
D) conflict theory

Question 42

Which of the following statements regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory is false?

A) The superego is about the standards of society and morality .
B) The ego is about reason and common sense .
C) The id is about impulses.
D) The unconscious is independent of the superego and the id.

Question 43

Psychoanalytic theory argues that

A) human identity changes at different stages throughout our lives.
B) social identity is the result of a conscious and creative process.
C) human behavior is shaped by the unconscious mind.
D) the self is an extension of the social standards of society, not instinctual influences.

Question 44

The difference between social learning theory and psychoanalytic theory is that the social learning theory:

A) sees human identity as indeterminate.
B) interprets human identity as a social process occurring late in life.
C) interprets human identity as a social process occurring early in life.
D) sees identity as a learned response to external social stimuli.

Question 45

Albert likes to pretend he is Spiderman, but he cannot understand how to engage in team sports. Albert is likely to be in which of thefollowing Mead's stages?

A) imitation
B) play
C) game
D) the generalized other

Question 46

According to

A) psychoanalytic
B) functional
C) social learning
D) object relations theory, society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium.

Question 47

The central feature of social learning theory is that

A) learning is simple.
B) individuals are resistant to learning.
C) learning and imagination are both important.
D) children can progress through separate stages of the learning process.

Question 48

Social learning theory views identity as

A) the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others.
B) the result of the struggle with the unconscious.
C) the product of genetics.
D) the product of "I and the Me."

Question 49

According to the perspective of theory, the internalization of societal values in the process of socialization is important because it reinforces social consensus.

A) conflict
B) functional
C) social learning
D) symbolic interaction

Question 50

Which theory of socialization does John reflect if he believes he should conform to the roles and values of society?

A) Conflict theory
B) Symbolic interactionism
C) Social learning theory
D) Functionalism

Question 51

Which of these statements is false from the perspective of symbolic interaction theory?

A) The self is what we imagine we are.
B) Humans make conscious choices in response to their social environment.
C) Identity is something unconscious and hidden from view.
D) Social roles are real because people give meaning to them.

Question 52

According to the theory of socialization called , if Betty receives positive reinforcement, she will likely repeat a behavior.

A) psychoanalysis
B) social learning
C) functionalism
D) conflict

Question 53

Which of the following statements best describes social learning theory?

A) people are passive creatures who merely responded to stimuli in their environment.
B) behaviors and attitudes develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us.
C) the importance of schema is overemphasized in theories of socialization.
D) there are really no distinctive stages of cognitive development.

Question 54

Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individuals are also shaped by resistance to oppression. This is an argument of

A) conflict
B) functional
C) social learning
D) symbolic interaction theory.

Question 55

theory is interested in how social inequality affects the development of an individual's identity.

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Functional
C) Conflict
D) Symbolic interaction

Question 56

Which of the following theories focuses on the external stimuli?

A) Social learning theory
B) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Symbolic interaction theory
D) Object relations theory

Question 57

According to Freud, The psychoanalytic perspective interprets human identity as at an early age in a process greatly influenced by one's family.

A) underdeveloped
B) highly fluid
C) relatively fixed
D) immature.

Question 58

Which theory of socialization sees identity as a product of different opportunities for different groups?

A) Conflict theory
B) Functionalism
C) Symbolic interactionism
D) Social learning theory

Question 59

How do psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory differ from each other?

A) Psychoanalytic theory is more focused on human development than social learning theory.
B) Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the unconscious mind, whereas social learning theory sees identity as a learned response to external stimuli.
C) Psychoanalytic theory places more importance on social context than social learning theory.
D) Psychoanalytical theory focuses more on problematic behavior, whereas social learning theory highlights the functioning of the unconscious mind.

Question 60

According to the text, working-class parents socialize children to :

A) focus on problem-solving.
B) focus on creativity.
C) show constraint, not ask for extra help, and simply work harder.
D) reach out to teachers, ask for extra help, giving them a sense of entitlement about what kind of education they deserve.

Question 61

Symbolic interaction theory suggests that children learn

A) as the unconscious mind shapes their behavior.
B) through taking the role of significant others.
C) only when they identify with the same-sex parent.
D) as they begin to learn the rules of the game of life.

Question 62

In their judgement of identity, how does Mead differ from Freud?

A) Freud believed the identity was fixed in childhood, whereas Mead thought it was constantly emerging.
B) Mead believed there are multiple parts of the individual, but Freud did not.
C) Freud developed symbolic interactionism and Mead developed psychoanalytic theory.
D) Mead argued that the identity is static, whereas Freud argued that the identity is dynamic.

Question 63

George Herbert Mead used the term to refer to those with whom children have a close affiliation.

A) generalized others
B) important others
C) significant others
D) familiar others

Question 64

The sociologist who argued that self-awareness develops as we see ourselves from the point of view of others is

A) Carol Gilligan.
B) George Herbert Mead.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Jean Piaget.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true about the process of socialization?

A) Socialization begins the moment a person is born.
B) By adolescence the socialization process is complete.
C) Socialization ends when one becomes an adult.
D) One's identity becomes fixed during the process of early socialization.

Question 66

Mead's term for the passive, conforming self that reacts to others is the .

A) ego
B) me
C) I
D) id

Question 67

Which of the following is not part of the process of the looking-glass self?

A) We develop our identity apart from social interaction.
B) We consider how we think we appear to others.
C) We consider how we think others judge us.
D) How we think others perceive us affect how we feel.

Question 68

Mead's stages, in their correct order, are

A) imitation, sensorimotor, operational.
B) preoperational, play, concrete operational.
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational.
D) imitation, play, game.

Question 69

Annette Lareau's research on middle-class, working-class, and poor children illustrates

A) the inability of working-class and poor children to negotiate their way through various social institutions.
B) the relatively few significant differences in the socialization experiences of middle-class and working-class children.
C) how working-class children are actually better off than middle-class children.
D) that socialization is not really class-based.

Question 70

From a symbolic-interactionist perspective, the key to the development of self is .

A) our instinctual drives
B) the reflective process
C) childhood relations with the same-sex parent
D) the effect of the division of labor on identity formation

Question 71

For Mead, the generalized other represents

A) the unconscious mind.
B) people with whom children have a close relationship.
C) the repressed feelings and instincts of children.
D) the abstract composite of social roles and social expectations.

Question 72

The phases of the life course

A) bind different generations and define some of life's most significant events.
B) control what individuals are allowed to do.
C) permit sociologists to study the internal construction of one's self.
D) keep individuals organized.

Question 73

Sociologists believe that socialization

A) happens in the same way for all members of society.
B) is not uniform; no two people have exactly the same experience.
C) has a biological basis and so the social context places only a very small role in it.
D) encourages conformity over individual identity.

Question 74

Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during the stage of childhood socialization.

A) imitation
B) play
C) game
D) preoperational

Question 75

Which theorist used the concept of the looking-glass self to explain how the self emerges in interaction with others?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jean Piaget

Question 76

According to Mead, children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment during the _____ stage of socialization.

A) imitation
B) play
C) game
D) preoperational

Question 77

In the game stage of socialization, children begin to learn

A) how to follow directions given by others.
B) that they are not always the center of everyone's attention.
C) how to take on multiple roles at the same time.
D) to imitate the behavior of significant others.

Question 78

According to Charles Horton Cooley, in seeing ourselves as others do we

A) respond to our subconscious need for approval.
B) imitate the play of others.
C) respond to the expectations others have of us.
D) are punished for behaving incorrectly.

Question 79

In her research on the socialization of White and Black families in working-class, middle-class, and poor backgrounds, Annette Lareau found that the

A) middle-class children had a more leisured life than working-class children.
B) working-class children's activities were less structured than those of middle-class children.
C) working-class children had less opportunity for creative play than middle-class children.
D) middle-class children were more harshly punished than working-class children.

Question 80

Children learn race and gender through which of the following agents of socialization?

A) the family.
B) schooling.
C) the
D) All of the above is correct.