Deck 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earl's research?

A) How do we cope with tragic events?
B) How does a person's culture influence his or her career choice?
C) How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles?
D) How does the behavior of a group affect one person?

Answer 1

How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles?

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking?

A) translating your Spanish homework into English
B) calculating the tip on your dinner bill
C) taking a nap with soft music playing
D) using a map to drive to a new store

Answer 2

taking a nap with soft music playing

Question 3

Regina is mentally manipulating information about how her boyfriend's new jeans fit him. When Regina does this she is

A) experiencing insight about whether he is attractive.
B) using an algorithm to decide whether the jeans fit.
C) developing a mental map of her boyfriend.
D) thinking about how he looks in the jeans.

Answer 3

thinking about how he looks in the jeans.

Question 4

Juan believes that a robin is a good example of a bird. Sergei believes that a penguin is a good example of a bird. Juan and Sergei are both correct according to the ________ model of
Organizing concepts.

A) schema
B) stereotype
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Question 5

When you brainstorm a list of words and concepts that are related to your personality traits, you are writing words that are related to an abstract mental concept. Because of this you are
Using a(n) ________ representation.

A) analogical
B) symbolic
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Question 6

When people group several concepts together, such as baseball, basketball, and football, based on the shared property of being so-called ball sports, they are creating a ________
Of the concepts.

A) prototype
B) category
C) exemplar
D) mental map

Question 7

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects-streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________
Representation.

A) analogical
B) symbolic
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Question 8

A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects. Because of this, they are ________ of the external world around us.

A) analogical representations
B) exemplars
C) symbolic representations
D) mental maps

Question 9

When Mary thinks about a guitar, she uses a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a

A) mental map.
B) schema.
C) stereotype.
D) concept.

Question 10

A picture of a computer is an example of a(n) ________ representation. The word computer is an example of a(n) ________ representation.

A) mental map; conceptual
B) conceptual; mental map
C) analogical; symbolic
D) symbolic; analogical

Question 11

Dr. Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept. Based on this,
Dr) Brown most likely follows the ________ model of organizing concepts.

A) prototype
B) exemplar
C) concept
D) schema

Question 12

Cognitive schemas allow for easy, fast processing of information about people, events, or groups that are related in some way. However, when we make generalizations about these
People, events, or groups, we are using

A) concepts.
B) stereotypes.
C) the exemplar model.
D) the prototype model.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an example of an analogical representation?

A) a subway map
B) a family tree
C) a diagram of the human body
D) a sign language gesture for please

Question 14

A prototype includes ________ in a category. An exemplar includes ________ in the category.

A) the most typical concept; all examples of concepts
B) the least typical concept; the most typical concept
C) only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept
D) all examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts

Question 15

Dr. Shah is interested in how concepts are represented in people's minds. She believes that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category. Dr. Shah most likely
Follows the ________ model of categorizing concepts.

A) analogical representation
B) prototype
C) exemplar
D) symbolic representation

Question 16

Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals. Because of this, it is likely that Luke considers sandals to be the most typical type of shoe. For Luke, sandals would most likely be
The ________ of the category "shoes."

A) stereotype
B) heuristic
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Question 17

Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer."
In this situation, Chris is describing his ________ of lasagna.

A) mental map
B) category
C) analogical representation
D) concept

Question 18

When you read the word cake on a menu, it is a(n) ________ representation. The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n) ________ representation.

A) analogical; symbolic
B) symbolic; analogical
C) symbolic; conceptual
D) conceptual; symbolic

Question 19

When Dave started driving, he had to use a navigation system to get around his city. Over time, Dave could drive through his city without the navigation system because he knew the
Names of all the roads and had a visual image in his mind of where they are. Dave has most
Likely developed a ________ of his city.

A) categorical representation
B) mental map
C) symbolic representation
D) series of individual prototypes

Question 20

An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that

A) it organizes concepts hierarchically.
B) a different prototype can be chosen for different reasons.
C) it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category.
D) all examples of concepts are equally important.

Question 21

Jethro believes that all elderly people have difficulty hearing and understanding. Whenever he interacts with an elderly person, Jethro automatically speaks loudly and slowly. Jethro is
Applying his ________ of the elderly in these interactions.

A) algorithm
B) prototype
C) stereotype
D) exemplar

Question 22

How could you use formal reasoning to help improve your life?

A) determine whether chocolate is healthy by using your own knowledge and other people's opinions
B) test whether walking improves moods by collecting empirical evidence to evaluate your hypothesis
C) evaluate whether the current president improves helping behavior by collecting social media opinions
D) examine whether heat increases aggression by remembering your own personal experiences

Question 23

Bob believes that the Seahawks will win the Super Bowl this year. To see whether you agree with Bob, you read a variety of online reviews about the Seahawks and their opponents
And compare the statistics for each team. To determine whether Bob's conclusion is
Reasonable, you are engaging in

A) reasoning.
B) problem solving.
C) decision making.
D) heuristics.

Question 24

Kevin wants to be a doctor but right now he is an English major. Kevin is trying to find out how to change majors to one that will allow him to reach his goal. Kevin is engaging in

A) problem solving.
B) informal reasoning.
C) decision making.
D) formal reasoning.

Question 25

Jackie's new roommate is Asian. Even though Jackie doesn't know anything about her roommate, she assumes that her roommate will be good at math and asks her roommate for
Math tutoring as soon as she meets her. Jackie is using a ________ to guide her interactions
With her roommate.

A) positive stereotype
B) negative stereotype
C) positive schema
D) negative schema

Question 26

Jake is choosing his major from three different alternatives: biology, Spanish, or psychology. Jake is using

A) problem solving.
B) framing.
C) decision making.
D) insight.

Question 27

How could you use informal reasoning to help improve your life?

A) collect others' opinions and your own knowledge to decide if blonds have more fun
B) collect empirical data to examine whether naps reduce accidental injuries
C) conduct a research study to test your idea that exercising can increase creativity
D) use the scientific method to examine whether sunny weather improves mood

Question 28

In the past, orchestra conductors held the stereotype that women were inferior musicians. According to your textbook, how did the audition process change so that conductors would not
Be biased by this stereotype?

A) Musicians sent in tapes of their performances, rather than auditioning in person.
B) Musicians auditioned in front of the conductor but the conductor did not know the musicians' names.
C) Musicians auditioned behind screens but the conductors knew the musicians' names.
D) Musicians auditioned behind screens and the conductor did not know the musicians' names.

Question 29

Which of the following best describes reasoning?

A) finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
B) selecting the best option among a set of alternatives
C) choosing between general information and specific information
D) using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of using a stereotype?

A) Stereotypes reinforce beliefs about members of a particular group.
B) Stereotypes allow for quick and efficient processing of related concepts.
C) Stereotypes can influence your behavior when you interact with group members.
D) Stereotypes improve decision making when you are unable to think systematically.

Question 31

Which of the following best describes the relationship between schemas and stereotypes?

A) Stereotypes are the application of schemas to any situation, object, or person.
B) Stereotypes and schemas are the same thing.
C) Stereotypes are a type of schema based on an individual's group membership.
D) Schemas are only about objects, whereas stereotypes are only about people.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of problem solving that could happen in your life?

A) You test whether your opinion that chocolate is the best dessert is true.
B) You look at three different internship offers before accepting one of the offers.
C) You figure out how to get to work after your car breaks down.
D) You decide which restaurant to go to after reading online reviews.

Question 33

Your friend says the new restaurant in town has the best hamburgers. To see whether she is correct, you read a variety of online restaurant reviews. You are using ________ reasoning
To determine whether this conclusion is valid.

A) formal
B) informal
C) heuristic
D) algorithmic

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of reasoning that could happen in your life?

A) You compare different models of cars before purchasing a new vehicle.
B) You analyze your friend's claim that kale is the healthiest vegetable.
C) You figure out how to eat your yogurt when you forgot to bring a spoon.
D) You decide which major to pursue in order to reach your goal of going to law school.

Question 35

You need to hire a new accountant for your company. However, you believe that men typically make better accountants than women do. If you want to avoid using this stereotype
In your hiring decision, what should you do?

A) review the applications with the applicants' names removed
B) conduct the interviews over the phone instead of in person
C) conduct the interviews in person instead of over the phone
D) require applicants to submit photos of themselves with the application

Question 36

Lauren is baking a cake but realizes that she is missing ingredients. She has to make the cake, so she finds a new recipe that will work with the ingredients she has. Lauren is engaging in

A) informal reasoning.
B) framing.
C) problem solving.
D) formal reasoning.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of decision making that could happen in your life?

A) You compare the ski resort and beach resort and choose the ski resort for your upcoming vacation.
B) You figure out how to stop the leak from your water bottle.
C) You decide that you can pay for your vacation if you increase your babysitting rates.
D) You evaluate a newspaper article stating that caffeine increases heart attacks.

Question 38

Because she heard that her blind date was an accounting major, Cynthia imagined that he would be conservative, humorless, and dull. Cynthia's generalization of what an accounting
Student is like is an example of a(n)

A) exemplar.
B) stereotype.
C) mental map.
D) analogical representation.

Question 39

Which of the following best describes problem solving?

A) finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
B) selecting the best option among a set of alternatives
C) reasoning from general information to specific information
D) using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

Question 40

Your rent is due, but you are short $100. You find a way around this obstacle to meet the goal of paying the rent by offering to clean your friend's house for $100. You now have
Enough money to pay your rent. To reach your goal, you have just used the thinking
Strategy of

A) reasoning.
B) decision making.
C) problem solving.
D) framing.

Question 41

Gillian bought one set of tools because that brand offered a $10 rebate. The tool company influenced her decision by presenting the information about the rebates. This is a strategy
Known as

A) restructuring.
B) framing.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 42

Steve is trying to determine whether it will rain this Saturday. He quickly remembers that it has rained the past three Saturdays. If he uses this information to make his decision,
He will be using

A) framing.
B) insight.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 43

The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow one to make a decision quickly, without considering all of the evidence, is called

A) a heuristic.
B) insight.
C) an algorithm.
D) framing.

Question 44

Josie has decided that she wants to become a doctor, but she feels overwhelmed when she thinks about how many years of school it will take to become a doctor. She could manage this
Feeling by breaking the process into smaller pieces. If she did this, she would be using

A) working backward.
B) subgoals.
C) sudden insight.
D) an analogy.

Question 45

You read a description about a woman named Tyra, who happens to be extremely beautiful and almost six feet tall. You are asked to predict whether Tyra is a model or a science
Teacher. To do this, you think of your prototypes of a model and a science teacher, and you
Decide that Tyra is a model. Your reasoning may be faulty due to

A) an algorithm.
B) framing.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 46

James is trying to break into a safe, but he does not know the four-digit code. To find the right code, he uses a procedure that will obtain the right result if he uses it correctly. Specifically,
He tries every possible set of four-digit numbers until he finds the correct one. James is using
A(n) ________ to find the correct code.

A) analogy
B) mental set
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Question 47

After struggling to solve a physics problem, you take a break for lunch. When you go back to work on the problem, the solution suddenly pops into your head. In this case you used________ to solve the problem.

A) an analogy
B) restructuring
C) insight
D) a mental set

Question 48

You are placing a bet on an upcoming basketball game. You quickly remember that the green team has won the last three home games. If you use that information to make your decision,
You will be using

A) framing.
B) insight.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 49

Using heuristics in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.

A) requiring minimal thinking; not always working
B) not always working; requiring minimal thinking
C) always working; requiring effortful thinking
D) requiring effortful thinking; always working

Question 50

When you meet Joe, he tells you that he loves math and building computers and robots. You decide that Joe must be an engineering student and not a liberal arts student, even
Though there are more liberal arts students at your school. In making this decision, you
Have just used

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) an algorithm.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) an analogy.

Question 51

To buy cheese, Kumiko goes to a large store with a big selection of cheeses. Nima goes to a much smaller store with only a few choices of cheeses. Who is more likely to buy
Cheese, and why?

A) Kumiko, because his store has more choices
B) Nima, because his store has fewer choices
C) Kumiko, because he will be able to decide which is the perfect cheese for him
D) Nima, because he only has a few minutes to make his decision

Question 52

Using an analogy to help solve a problem is most likely to occur when the problem

A) is very specific and well-defined.
B) has many subgoals.
C) is similar to another problem.
D) cannot be solved by working backward.

Question 53

Last week, Alana saw a television show about a rare, but fatal, virus. Now, she has a runny nose and a fever and thinks she has contracted the virus. Alana's thinking is most
Likely based on

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) using framing.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) an algorithm.

Question 54

Sam always buys one specific brand of cell phones because she believes that brand is the most reliable. Sam is using ________ to decide what cell phone to buy, which may help her
Save time picking out her next cell phone.

A) restructuring
B) formal reasoning
C) an algorithm
D) a heuristic

Question 55

Using algorithms in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.

A) requiring minimal thinking; not always working
B) not always working; requiring minimal thinking
C) always working; requiring effortful thinking
D) requiring effortful thinking; always working

Question 56

Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking. For example, simply because you can remember an example of something very quickly and easily does not mean that you should
Rely on that information in making accurate probability judgments. This error in thinking
Reflects

A) an analogy.
B) insight.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 57

When solving a problem using insight, the solution is reached

A) by achieving one's subgoals.
B) suddenly when it just pops into one's head.
C) based on how similar the problem is to other problems.
D) by starting at the goal state and working backward.

Question 58

Isaac is baking a cake by following the instructions in the recipe exactly. Isaac is using________ to make the cake, which means that his cake will turn out correctly.

A) insight
B) an algorithm
C) a heuristic
D) restructuring

Question 59

According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice

A) makes people feel more satisfied with their decisions.
B) forces people to use an algorithm to make decisions.
C) can be frustrating and impair thinking.
D) allows us to have insight about what we really want.

Question 60

Marco wants to get an A on his exam. To do this, he divides up the material into small sections and focuses on learning a different section every day until he knows all of the
Material for the exam. Marco is ________ to achieve his goal of getting an A on his exam.

A) using subgoals
B) working backward
C) creating an analogy
D) using insight

Question 61

You get to your car and realize you have lost your keys. So you think of the last time you saw your keys and retrace your steps from that point. You are using the problem-solving
Technique of ________ to help find your keys.

A) subgoals
B) working backward
C) analogy
D) sudden insight

Question 62

Cara is a mechanic. She fixes three cars that will not start by replacing their batteries. When a fourth car is brought in and will not start, she assumes the problem is the battery.
Cara's assumption is based on

A) functional fixedness.
B) restructuring.
C) a mental set.
D) an analogy.

Question 63

Mary does well in both math and science. According to general intelligence theory, Mary's performance in literature and history should be ________ how she does in math and science.

A) worse than
B) completely unrelated to
C) as good as
D) much better than

Question 64

Fred wants to be a lawyer. To achieve this goal, Fred realizes he will have to graduate from law school. He also knows that to go to law school, he will have to graduate from college. So,
He decides that his first step toward his goal of being a lawyer is to apply to college. To solve
His problem, Fred is using

A) an analogy.
B) working backward.
C) insight.
D) subgoals.

Question 65

Josh is having trouble deciding which of two pairs of shoes to buy. Donna tells him that when she could not decide which of two sweaters to buy, she decided to buy both sweaters.
Josh realizes that buying both pairs of shoes will solve his problem as well. Josh ________
To solve his problem.

A) worked backward
B) used insight
C) overcame a mental set
D) used an analogy

Question 66

When we encounter a difficult problem, thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it. This technique is known as

A) using a mental set.
B) functional fixedness.
C) restructuring.
D) using an analogy.

Question 67

Annie needs to take her cat to the vet but she does not have a carrier. She remembers that once she took her guinea pig to the vet in a pot. But she knows the cat will not fit in a pot, so
She cannot use this strategy. Annie is having a hard time solving the problem because of

A) poor insight.
B) a mental set.
C) subgoals.
D) framing.

Question 68

If you can make decisions, solve problems, learn quickly, and adapt to changes in the environment, you probably have a

A) low level of intelligence.
B) high level of intelligence.
C) high level of insight.
D) low level of insight.

Question 69

The main concept of general intelligence theory is that

A) one factor underlies intelligence.
B) there are three different types of intelligence.
C) there are two types of intelligence.
D) intelligence is too general to measure accurately.

Question 70

While moving into a new apartment, Cole needed to hold the door open but he did not have a doorstop. Instead, he used his heavy potted plant to prop open the door. Cole solved
This problem by

A) overcoming functional fixedness.
B) framing.
C) restructuring.
D) using a mental set.

Question 71

There are three common strategies for revising mental representations. Which of the following correctly pairs the strategy with an example of that strategy?

A) restructuring; novel-uses task
B) functional fixedness; the dunker candle task
C) mental sets; the nine-dot-problem
D) insight; working backward

Question 72

The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the ________ intelligence theory.

A) general
B) single
C) fluid
D) crystallized

Question 73

You are studying for your exam when the electricity goes out. In order to have enough light to read your textbook, you put your cell phone in front of the page and use the light from
The screen to read the book. You are able to successfully study for your exam because
You avoid

A) restructuring the problem.
B) functional fixedness.
C) working backward.
D) using analogies.

Question 74

Karl was posting signs on campus and he ran out of tape to put up the last sign. He could not figure out another way to put up the sign even though he was chewing gum and could
Have used the gum to put up the sign. Karl most likely did not come up with this solution
Because of

A) framing.
B) functional fixedness.
C) restructuring.
D) lack of insight.

Question 75

Terry is making a multilayer wedding cake. While trying to make sure it does not collapse, he remembers a bridge he saw that had an interesting support system. He applies that
Support system to the cake structure to make sure it does not collapse. Terry ________
To solve his problem.

A) worked backward
B) used an analogy
C) used insight
D) created subgoals

Question 76

There are three common strategies for revising mental representations. Which of the following correctly pairs the strategy with an example of that strategy?

A) restructuring; the nine-dot-problem
B) mental sets; the dunker candle task
C) mental sets; the nine-dot-problem
D) restructuring; the dunker candle task

Question 77

Our ability to learn quickly, understand complex ideas, and use knowledge to solve problems demonstrates

A) informal reasoning.
B) intelligence.
C) insight.
D) formal reasoning.

Question 78

Mr. O'Neil, a high school math teacher, believes that students who are good at math will also be good in English, history, and music. Mr. O'Neil's belief most closely resembles the________ intelligence theory.

A) triarchic
B) general
C) multiple
D) emotional

Question 79

When John uses his knowledge to reason, make decisions, and adapt to environmental challenges, he is

A) showing intelligence.
B) avoiding a mental set.
C) showing insight.
D) avoiding functional fixedness.

Question 80

If you have a higher level of general intelligence, you are also likely to have better

A) parenting skills.
B) interpersonal relationships.
C) physical health.
D) emotional regulation.