Deck 2: Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

Question 1

Which of the following are essential expectations of ethical professional conduct?

A)Honesty
B)Reliability
C)Transparency
D)All of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following occurs when researchers purposely fabricate or misrepresent their findings?

A)Lucifer effect
B)Halo effect
C)Ethical fraud
D)Research fraud

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following infamous research scams made a claim of discovery of the "missing link"?

A)Stone age hoax
B)Piltdown hoax
C)Tasaday hoax
D)Missing link hoax

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is an agreement of subjects to participate in research after they have been briefed?

A)Informed consent
B)Informed agreement
C)Mutual consent
D)None of the above

Question 5

Regulations on the confidentiality of research and statistical data were enacted as part of the 1973 amendment of what?

A)US Constitution
B)Omnibus Victims ACT
C)Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
D)NIJ's Safe Streets Act

Question 6

Historically,which of the following is considered the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States?

A)DHEW
B)DHHS
C)CRM
D)MEM

Question 7

Which of the following reviewed Health,Education,and Welfare guidelines,altered these guidelines and recommended looser standards for informed consent in field research?

A)Commission Report
B)National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
C)Belmont Report
D)None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following addresses the intersection of researcher as scientist,researcher as criminal justice practitioner,and researcher as citizen?

A)Commission Report
B)National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
C)Belmont Report
D)None of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is a term coined by Zimbardo to refer to a transformation of human character that causes good people to engage in evil actions?

A)Halo effect
B)Lucifer effect
C)Evil effect
D)All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following protects individuals by forbidding the use of any research from identifying them?

A)NIJ's Regulations on Confidentiality
B)NIJ's Subject Protection ACT
C)NIJ's Regulatory ACT
D)All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is described as research screening committees set up in colleges and universities to oversee the ethical propriety of research?

A)University Ethics Committees
B)Institutional Review Boards
C)College Advisory Boards
D)None of the above

Question 12

Since the Belmont Report,most decisions regarding protection of human subjects in research are under the purview of which of the following?

A)IRBs
B)TCBs
C)CRMs
D)DHSs

Question 13

Which of the following is a system of mutual obligation between subjects and researchers?

A)Reciprocity
B)Mutual Aid agreements
C)Subject/researcher ACT
D)None of the above

Question 14

Which of the following was a controversial research project that challenged the standard of confidentiality in research?

A)The Brajuha Project
B)The Belfast Project
C)The McIntyre Project
D)None of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a social science study that has been linked to ethical concerns?

A)Obedience to Authority
B)Simulated Prison Experiment
C)Tearoom Trade
D)All of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else as his or her own?

A)Plagiarism
B)Theft
C)Literary fraud
D)Academic fraud

Question 17

Which of the following protect researchers from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law?

A)Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution
B)Shield Laws
C)S.H.I.E.D.
D)None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following 'targets' or subject matter is focused on by criminal justice research?

A)The criminal
B)The victim
C)The general public
D)All of the above

Question 19

Scientific misconduct may involve which of the following?

A)Negligence
B)Deception
C)Malicious allegations
D)All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following is considered a fundamental expectation of any piece of scientific research?

A)Accuracy
B)Honesty
C)Properly referenced
D)All of the above

Question 21

A system of mutual obligation between subjects and researchers is known as the risk-benefit ratio.

Question 22

Which of the following may enable one to address the same issue without as much of an ethics problem?

A)Simulations
B)Extrapolations
C)Replications
D)Duplications

Question 23

Professional ethics may be regulated by codes of ethics,institutional review boards,the courts,professions,and the government.

Question 24

Since social and behavioral research rarely puts subjects at risk,ethics is only of nominal concern.

Question 25

The targets or subject matter of research may include the criminal,the victim,the criminal justice system,and practitioners.

Question 26

According to the text,which of the following is one way of avoiding ethical problems when conducting research?

A)Carefully consider alternate means of data gathering
B)Forego data gathering
C)Use the research others have already gathered
D)All of the above

Question 27

Since 1980,the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States has been the DHEW.

Question 28

The Ofshe Report reviewed Health,Education,and Welfare guidelines,altered these guidelines and recommended looser standards for informed consent in field research.

Question 29

The Lucifer Effect is a term coined by Zimbardo to refer to a transformation of human character that causes good people to engage in evil actions.

Question 30

Shield laws protect researchers from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law.

Question 31

As a general rule,in the name of science,researchers should not conduct studies that may be harmful to subjects,particularly if the potential harm has not been explained to the subjects and their informed consent elicited.

Question 32

Historically,the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States was the DHHS.

Question 33

Research fraud occurs when the subjects being studied are dishonest in their behavior.

Question 34

NIJ's Regulation on Confidentiality protects individuals by forbidding the use of any research or statistical information that might identify them.

Question 35

Plagiarism is a type of fraud in which the writer presents his or her own ideas or works without proper research documentation.

Question 36

The role of researcher requires that one be objective and "value free" in approaching and reporting on the subject matter.

Question 37

Which of the following is also known as the Weinstein Decision?

A)The Brajuha Case
B)The Hutchinson Case
C)The Ofshe Case
D)None of the above

Question 38

The protection of human subject guidelines uses reciprocity wherein the potential benefits must outweigh the possible hazards to respondents.

Question 39

Informed consent is an agreement of subjects to participate in research after they have been briefed.

Question 40

IRBs are college/university research committees that oversee and ensure ethical research standards.

Question 41

Since 1980,the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States has been the __________.

Question 42

Historically,the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the United States was the __________.

Question 43

The __________ Report reviewed Health,Education,and Welfare guidelines,altered these guidelines and recommended looser standards for informed consent in field research.

Question 44

Criminologists and criminal justice researchers as social scientists strive for acceptance as __________.

Question 45

__________ is a type of fraud in which a writer presents the ideas or work of someone else has his or her own.

Question 46

__________ are research screening committees set up in colleges and universities to oversee the ethical propriety of research.

Question 47

__________ is a term coined by Zimbardo to refer to a transformation of human character that causes good people to engage in evil actions.

Question 48

__________ occurs when researchers purposely fabricate or misrepresent their findings.

Question 49

Professional __________ may be regulated by codes of ethics,institutional review boards,the courts,professions,and the government.

Question 50

Discuss the six elements for obtaining informed consent contained in the original 1971 DHEW guidelines.Are these six elements still relevant today?

Question 51

The Belfast Project was a controversial research project that challenged the standard of confidentiality in research.

Question 52

The role of __________ requires that one be objective and "value free" in approaching and reporting on the subject matter.

Question 53

The Piltdown Hoax and the __________ Hoax are two well known cases of research fraud in the social sciences.

Question 54

__________ laws protect researchers from being forced to reveal sources in a court of law.

Question 55

__________ is the agreement of subjects to participate in research after they have been briefed.

Question 56

NIJ's __________ protects individuals by forbidding the use of any research from identifying them.

Question 57

Discuss the three forms of regulation in which ethically acceptable research conduct may take.

Question 58

Honesty,integrity,and objectivity are essential expectations of ethical professional conduct.

Question 59

Much like priests,doctors,and other client-oriented practitioners,the independent criminal justice researcher has a legally recognized privilege of confidentiality.

Question 60

The protection of human subject guidelines uses __________ ratio wherein the potential benefits must outweigh the possible hazards to respondents.

Question 61

Discuss the three basic principles identified by the Belmont Report and why they are important in the field of research.

Question 62

Discuss the issue of confidentiality and the protection of subjects in criminal justice research.

Question 63

How might ethical problems in criminal justice research be avoided?