Deck 30: Physiology of the Urinary System

Question 1

What mechanism causes the movement water and solutes through the filtration membrane in the nephron?

A)Simple diffusion
B)Hydrostatic pressure
C)Osmotic pressure
D)Pinocytosis

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Identify the structure labeled "e."

A)Renal corpuscle
B)Glomerular capsule
C)Afferent arteriole
D)Efferent arteriole

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What determines whether a substance can move through the filtration membrane?

A)Size of the substance
B)Electric charge of the substance
C)Shape of the substance
D)Partial pressure of the substance

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Of these four events, which would occur first in urine formation?

A)Glomerular filtration
B)Tubular secretion
C)Tubular resorption
D)Urine concentration

Question 5

In a simulation of the filtration membrane, which substance should be able to pass through the dialysis tubing?

A)Leukocyte
B)Erythrocyte
C)Glucose
D)Protein

Question 6

The filtration membrane is created by the ________ and ________.

A)glomerulus; podocytes
B)afferent arteriole; vasa recta
C)glomerulus; parietal layer of glomerular capsule
D)glomerular capsule; afferent arteriole

Question 7

Identify the structure labeled "c."

A)Vasa recta
B)Nephron loop
C)Proximal tubule
D)Distal tubule

Question 8

What tool is best used to analyze urine for glucose and urea levels?

A)Urinalysis test strip
B)Deionized water
C)Spectrometer
D)Dialysis tubing

Question 9

What structure is located between the renal corpuscle and the nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

A)Glomerular capsule
B)Afferent arteriole
C)Distal tubule
D)Proximal tubule

Question 10

What is the dialysis tubing simulating when demonstrating the function of the nephron?

A)Collecting duct
B)Renal pelvis
C)Filtration membrane
D)Blood flow

Question 11

Which would not be able to pass through the filtration membrane of a functional nephron?

A)Amino acid
B)Erythrocyte
C)Glucose
D)Sodium

Question 12

What structure drains the glomerulus?

A)Efferent arteriole
B)Afferent arteriole
C)Proximal tubule
D)Vasa recta

Question 13

Why is filtration a passive process?

A)It is driven by osmotic pressure.
B)It is driven by ATP production.
C)It is driven by blood pressure.
D)It is driven by partial pressure gradient.

Question 14

After the nephron loop, where in the renal tubule would a urea molecule drain into next?

A)Vasa recta
B)Proximal tubule
C)Distal tubule
D)Glomerulus

Question 15

Which substance should be found in urine?

A)Plasma proteins
B)Urea
C)Erythrocytes
D)Glucose

Question 16

What structure is the functional unit of the kidney?

A)Renal pyramid
B)Renal corpuscle
C)Nephron
D)Vasa recta

Question 17

Why can't a plasma protein move through the dialysis tubing of the simulated filtration membrane?

A)It is too large.
B)Its shape is incompatible with receptor.
C)It is too small.
D)It has an opposite electrical charge.

Question 18

Identify the structure labeled "g."

A)Glomerular capsule
B)Renal corpuscle
C)Efferent arteriole
D)Afferent arteriole

Question 19

Which is not a function of the kidneys?

A)Maintaining the blood's water balance
B)Producing renin
C)Resorbing bile for recycling
D)Regulating the blood's acid-base balance

Question 20

When demonstrating the function of the filtration membrane in a lab activity, what is used to test for various substances in the urine filtrate?

A)Spectrometer
B)Urinalysis strip
C)Dialysis tubing
D)Deionized water

Question 21

Which part of the renal tubule is lined with simple cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli?

A)Collecting duct
B)Proximal tubule
C)Nephron loop
D)Distal tubule

Question 22

In what part of the renal tubule does most reabsorption of substances occur?

A)Distal tubule
B)Nephron loop
C)Proximal tubule
D)Glomerular capsular space

Question 23

Which structure surrounds the proximal and distal tubules?

A)Vasa recta
B)Nephron loop
C)Glomerulus
D)Peritubular capillaries

Question 24

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of ________.

A)juxtaglomerular cells
B)podocytes
C)macula densa cells
D)both juxtaglomerular and macula densa cells

Question 25

Explain why filtration is a passive process in the renal corpuscle.

A)The size of the filtration slits and fenestrations is constant.
B)Blood pressure in the glomerulus is constant.
C)Podocyte regulation of filtration is constant.
D)Hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space is constant.

Question 26

Substance X was isolated in a urine sample, but it is too big to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane. How is this possible?

A)The glomerulus must be infected and hyperpermeable.
B)The kidney must be damaged.
C)It was secreted later in the distal tubule.
D)It isn't possible. There was a flaw in the urinalysis.

Question 27

Which structure plays a critical role in countercurrent exchanger?

A)Glomerulus
B)Nephron loop
C)Vasa recta
D)Renal corpuscle

Question 28

What can a urinalysis test tell a health practitioner about a patient?

A)Whether the patient is having problems with their pancreas
B)Whether the blood is too acidic
C)Whether the patient has chronic high blood pressure
D)Whether the kidney is functioning properly
E)Any of these can be indicated by a urinalysis test

Question 29

If glucose is present in urine, it suggests ________.

A)bacterial infection
B)high blood pressure
C)insufficient insulin production by the pancreas
D)diet high in protein

Question 30

Reabsorption and active transport occur in the convoluted tubules of the nephron, whereas filtration occurs in the glomerular capsule of the renal corpuscle. Predict what cellular structure will be more abundant in tubule cells as compared to capsule cells.

A)Mitochondria
B)RER
C)Golgi apparatus
D)Lysosomes

Question 31

If urine specific gravity is high, it suggests ________.

A)bacterial infection
B)insufficient insulin production by the pancreas
C)dehydration
D)high blood pressure

Question 32

Predict the effect of fluid loss through vomiting or diarrhea on juxtaglomerular cell activity.

A)Renin would be released.
B)Aldosterone levels would fall.
C)ADH would be released.
D)Renin levels would fall.

Question 33

Explain why excess proteins in the urine of a pregnant woman are an indication of preeclampsia.

A)Larger molecules such as proteins more easily pass through the filtration membrane when blood pressure is elevated and is a sign of kidney problems.
B)Excess proteins in the urine are a sign of a urinary tract infection, which is a common condition in pregnant women.
C)Excess proteins in the urine are a sign of gestational diabetes (diabetes mellitus), which can affect pregnant women.
D)Excess proteins in the urine are a sign of physiological stress on the liver, which can occur during pregnancy.

Question 34

In which part of the renal tubule does aldosterone primarily target?

A)Nephron loop
B)Collecting duct
C)Proximal tubule
D)Distal tubule

Question 35

Explain the structural and functional significance of the location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

A)This location allows the macula densa cells to receive information about the results of the three processes of urine formation and give instructions to the afferent arteriole thus changing activity levels for future urine production.
B)This location allows the macula densa cells to receive information about the results of the three processes of urine formation and give instructions to the efferent arteriole thus changing activity levels for future urine production.
C)This location provides the best opportunity to affect rates of reabsorption.
D)This location has a higher interstitial osmolarity allowing regulation of salt concentrations in urine.

Question 36

Substance Y is not present in the urine; however, it was originally filtered through the glomerulus. How is this possible?

A)It was phagocytized during the countercurrent exchange.
B)It was secreted in the distal tubule.
C)It was resorbed in the proximal tubule.
D)It was not filtered by the glomerulus.