Deck 11: Health and Society

Question 1

If you miss an appointment with your physician:

A) you will most likely be charged anyway.
B) you will be reimbursed at your next visit.
C) you will be removed from that physician's patient list.
D) his or her ability to take you seriously will be jeopardized.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One of the key traits of the medical profession is its focus on:

A) making money.
B) peers.
C) clients.
D) non-human animal behavior.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One concern of using technology such as amniocentesis in countries like China and India is:

A) harming the mother.
B) Chinese and Indian doctors are not trained to use advanced medical equipment properly.
C) inducing premature labor.
D) aborting female fetuses.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

One can best equate homeopathy to:

A) AIDS.
B) vaccines.
C) the Roman Empire.
D) midwives.

Question 5

Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary)visits required for treatment.This problem was called:

A) self-regulation.
B) billable rates.
C) supplier-induced demand.
D) prescription authority.

Question 6

Doctors are typically most concerned with the opinion of their:

A) clients.
B) political leaders.
C) bosses.
D) peers.

Question 7

The American Medical Association was the beginning of the end (until very recently)of:

A) licensing of physicians.
B) homeopathic medicine.
C) dentistry.
D) backstreet abortions.

Question 8

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

A) a professional.
B) ethical.
C) a quack.
D) a faker.

Question 9

Which of the following professions has the least number of practitioners in the United States?

A) doctors
B) accountants
C) lawyers
D) teachers

Question 10

Society believes that a doctor driving by the scene of an accident has:

A) to stop and help in return for future payment.
B) to stop if he or she has the time.
C) a moral obligation to stop and try to help.
D) to call 911.

Question 11

Fee-for-service means physicians are:

A) reimbursed per office visit or procedure by insurance agencies.
B) paid per the number of permanent patients that physician has.
C) paid only after a patient has been declared well.
D) reimbursed by the number of procedures they do in a year.

Question 12

Physicians in ancient Rome tended to have lower prestige.This was because:

A) only lower-status people got ill.
B) most were men.
C) the surgeons evolved from barbers.
D) they were seen as evildoers by the nobility.

Question 13

Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?

A) increase in the death rate of patients under a doctor's care
B) the rise in doctors' self-regulation
C) doctors gained rights to admit patients to one or more hospitals
D) rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that doctors establish their power?

A) display diplomas
B) use a desk between doctor and patient
C) always have sharp haircuts
D) make you wait for an appointment

Question 15

Historically,physicians did not have particularly high prestige,but their power did peak,according to some sociologists,around:

A) the early 1900s.
B) the 1980s.
C) the mid-1950s.
D) the early 2000s.

Question 16

Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?

A) It led to the infiltration of market forces into medicine.
B) It gave physicians more economic clout.
C) It created markets for alternative forms of medicine, such as homeopathy.
D) It allowed women and racial minorities to become physicians.

Question 17

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

A) stethoscope
B) thermometer
C) blood pressure cuff
D) leeches

Question 18

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s.Which of the following might be a reason?

A) More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe.
B) More Asians are being allowed in medical schools.
C) Requirements for medical schools are being lowered due to affirmative action.
D) More physicians are becoming surgeons.

Question 19

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

A) technical competence
B) medical competence
C) interpersonal confidence
D) caring disposition

Question 20

Although doctors are very intimate and personal with their patients,it is also important for them to:

A) deliver bad news gently.
B) remember that they are more important than the patient.
C) remain objective.
D) give full details of the patient's situation to family members.

Question 21

If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm,you need to know the different:

A) mortality rates.
B) health insurance rates.
C) morbidity rates.
D) rigidity rates.

Question 22

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births,which leads to the ethical issue of:

A) whether to abort some of the embryos.
B) health inequality.
C) health and nutritional inadequacies.
D) unwed pregnancies.

Question 23

Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?

A) SCHIP
B) HMOs
C) Medicare
D) Medicaid

Question 24

Poor children can be covered medically by:

A) only Medicare.
B) only Medicaid.
C) both Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Plan.
D) only private insurance.

Question 25

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians,they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

A) forced to go into an unlicensed hospital.
B) undertreated.
C) ignored by administrative staff.
D) forced into risky treatments.

Question 26

When Susie takes up smoking,the cost of her insurance coverage goes up.This is a result of:

A) risk insurance.
B) risk adjustment.
C) a clerical error.
D) risk adversity.

Question 27

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

A) family income.
B) heredity.
C) underlying personality differences.
D) birth order.

Question 28

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had which of the following risk factors?

A) malnutrition
B) rare genetic defects
C) higher stress levels
D) higher likelihood of autism

Question 29

The main problem of fee-for-service is that doctors have an incentive to:

A) overcharge the insurance company.
B) limit medical procedures.
C) decrease office hours.
D) have patients return for unnecessary visits.

Question 30

If state and federal health care plans don't change,which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?

A) SCHIP
B) Medicaid
C) Medicare
D) HMOs

Question 31

The researchers in the Whitehall Study examined what occupational sector?

A) doctors
B) factory workers
C) civil servants
D) lawyers

Question 32

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?

A) It makes a person eligible for paid leave from work.
B) People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.
C) People who do so can, for example, eat fried foods after a heart attack or smoke after a cancer diagnosis.
D) It makes it easier for doctors to cure patients.

Question 33

When it comes to health care,Western societies:

A) all offer universal care.
B) are dominated by complementary medicine like homeopathy and acupuncture.
C) are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.
D) are proactive; health care systems predict outcomes like life expectancy and quality of life.

Question 34

The Whitehall Study was later expanded to include:

A) the poor.
B) women.
C) children.
D) the elderly.

Question 35

Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?

A) the State Children's Health Insurance Plan
B) Medicaid
C) Medicare
D) HMOs

Question 36

In about the 1990s,physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons,one of which was that more physicians were associated with HMOs.This meant that physicians were:

A) becoming "workers" rather than heads ("owners") of medical practices.
B) paid per treatment rather than per patient.
C) allowed to work only four days per week.
D) not allowed to make more than the owner of the HMO.

Question 37

In 1986,the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)was passed,making it:

A) illegal to give medical care to people without insurance.
B) illegal to deliver a baby without medical training.
C) a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms.
D) legal to treat the young but not the elderly in emergency rooms, unless the elderly had Medicare.

Question 38

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

A) Blue Cross.
B) Medicare.
C) Medicaid.
D) an HMO.

Question 39

Under HMOs,doctors usually don't get more money each time a patient comes in,so the incentive might be to:

A) undertreat the patient.
B) overtreat on the first visit.
C) spend maximal time with the patient.
D) let medical staff care for the patient.

Question 40

The Whitehall Study found which of the following factors important in determining health outcomes?

A) family health history
B) access to health care
C) marital status
D) what a person does for a living

Question 41

Lleras-Muney (2005)found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by ____________ percentage points in a ten-year period.

A) 3.6
B) 10.6
C) 40.5
D) 88.4

Question 42

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States.This is most likely attributable to:

A) socioeconomic status.
B) low birth weight.
C) lower incidences of HIV.
D) having fewer children overall.

Question 43

The American values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?

A) David Satcher
B) Paul Bunyan
C) Davy Crockett
D) John Henry

Question 44

Inequality creates ____________,which affects our height through stress reactions.

A) biological stress
B) psychological stress
C) contiguous stress
D) environmental equity

Question 45

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

A) our bodies can only accumulate fat or muscle, not both.
B) adolescence is the foundation for growth that occurs later in life.
C) it makes exercise less likely.
D) it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place.

Question 46

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people.It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family.It could also be that:

A) people who are healthier are more likely to get married.
B) people who are married have less sex, so they are less likely to contract sexually transmitted infections.
C) unmarried people are more likely to travel to areas of the world where there are higher rates of diseases.
D) unmarried people are less likely to have sex and are therefore more depressed, leading to physical ailments.

Question 47

____________ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.

A) Racial inequality
B) Low birth weight
C) Birth order
D) Gender inequality

Question 48

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class,and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle,is called:

A) chance.
B) materialism.
C) psychosocial.
D) fundamental causes.

Question 49

Which type of family has higher child mortality rates?

A) urban
B) small
C) suburban
D) large

Question 50

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

A) Men have a predisposition for specific illnesses.
B) The XX chromosome protects women from certain illnesses.
C) Women have healthier lifestyles.
D) Women are more likely to seek medical care.

Question 51

Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?

A) There are higher rates of single mothers.
B) More women are entering high-level jobs.
C) Fewer women are having children.
D) Women are less likely to see a doctor.

Question 52

Morbidity means ____________; mortality means ____________.

A) acute; chronic
B) illness; death
C) death; illness
D) chronic; acute

Question 53

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

A) birth order.
B) age of mother at birth.
C) social inequality.
D) height of father.

Question 54

It is suggested that Asian and Pacific Islanders have the lowest infant mortality rates because:

A) they do better economically.
B) they have healthier lifestyles.
C) they have better access to prenatal care.
D) they experience tokenism.

Question 55

Hypertension is directly related to stress,which can be attributed to being poor.However,poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans.How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

A) African Americans make bad lifestyle choices, regardless of their socioeconomic status.
B) All African Americans lack adequate health care when they are young.
C) African Americans have a genetic predisposition for hypertension.
D) All African Americans may still experience discrimination.

Question 56

What might inhibit American teenagers from reaching their maximum growth potential?

A) being middle class
B) teenage sex
C) bad diet
D) too much emphasis on fruits and vegetables

Question 57

Who is more likely to die young?

A) white male
B) Asian female
C) black female
D) black male

Question 58

According to existing studies,why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

A) Those who worked were still married.
B) Those who worked had to have transportation; thus, they were more likely to be able to visit health care professionals.
C) Those who received more Social Security were more likely to take life risks, like gambling or eating unhealthy foods, because they had more leisure time.
D) Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.

Question 59

The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status (SES)states that:

A) people with more money are able to select better foods and are therefore healthier than those with less money.
B) genetics and biology affect SES so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SES.
C) there is no relationship between health and (SES); any observed relationship is the result of selection bias by researchers.
D) people with better health select higher-paying jobs than those with poor health.

Question 60

Which of the following are benefits of being a tall man?

A) better health
B) deeper friendships
C) low risk of obesity
D) rarely have male-pattern baldness

Question 61

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

A) Fewer physicians are now prescribing antibiotics.
B) Individuals have developed allergies to them.
C) Antibiotics are not as available as they were in the past.
D) Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

Question 62

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

A) rising costs of prescriptions
B) lingering infections in more people
C) the development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens
D) continued poverty in vast regions of the world

Question 63

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

A) lower birthrates.
B) eliminating malaria.
C) AIDS education.
D) a decrease of infant deaths.

Question 64

Discuss the historical evolution of doctors from a profession of little prestige to the important place they hold in present-day society.

Question 65

The eradication of African river blindness (onchocerciasis)illustrates the connection between:

A) ecology and mountaintops.
B) natural resources and basic survival.
C) health and economic development.
D) safe water and population rates.

Question 66

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

A) African American women
B) African American men
C) gays
D) lesbians

Question 67

Since 1981,AIDS has killed more than ____________ people worldwide.

A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 10 million
D) 25 million

Question 68

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

A) Medication replaced counseling.
B) Insurance companies started paying for face-to-face treatment.
C) Therapy and medications went hand in hand.
D) Mental illness decreased with the use of medications.

Question 69

Use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)IV is now required by:

A) medical doctors.
B) psychiatrists.
C) the insurance industry.
D) psychologists.

Question 70

What are supplier-induced demand and prescription authority? What are the problems associated with each?

Question 71

Since 1981,AIDS has killed more than ____________ Americans.

A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 10 million
D) 25 million

Question 72

Discuss the social power,political power,and prestige that doctors hold in the United States.Why do doctors have so much of each? What responsibilities go along with social power and prestige?

Question 73

What are the signs that doctors' authority is declining? How does this affect you?

Question 74

One of the things that may have led Dr.Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health)continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

A) the amount of money he makes from government grants.
B) his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.
C) the fame and fortune he has acquired by traveling to all corners of the world.
D) the number of children he has fathered while traveling the world.

Question 75

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

A) It is more expensive than gasoline by volume.
B) People (in taste tests) can tell a dramatic difference between tap and bottled water.
C) The contents of bottled water are more heavily regulated than those of tap water.
D) Doctors recommend that individuals should avoid tap water in most American cities.

Question 76

What are some of the benefits of technological advancements of diagnosis and treatments before birth? What are a few moral issues stemming from this technology? How does this affect gender?

Question 77

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?

A) increasing access to clean water
B) increasing medical education
C) decreasing fertility
D) increasing education regarding condom use

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a volunteer organization in which physicians volunteer to help poor nations?

A) the International Red Cross
B) Doctors without Borders
C) Equal Health for All
D) The Smile Train

Question 79

In 1980,the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)III:

A) included social factors in the diagnosis of mental illness.
B) adopted a medical model of mental illness.
C) made a sharp distinction between normal and abnormal behavior.
D) defined the social construction of mental illness.

Question 80

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

A) They tended to be born to older mothers.
B) They tended to be born to younger, healthier mothers.
C) They had access to a better diet.
D) They were less likely to have sex during their teen years.