Question 1

Discuss the historical evolution of doctors from a profession of little prestige to the important place they hold in present-day society.

Accepted Answer

In Rome,medicine was a low-level occupation.Eighteenth-century English physicians were at the margins of the gentry.The pay for physicians in the Soviet Union was low because women dominated the profession.Barbaric rituals that were used to heal-bloodletting,leeches- maintained a mistrust of doctors.The stethoscope allowed examination of things that could not previously be seen or heard.Homeopathy started in the nineteenth century.Mid-nineteenth- century doctors could not sue for payment.Licensing helped organize a monopoly over the profession.Hospitals changed from places of death to places of healing.Finally,doctors stopped being employees of hospitals,and hospitals now depend on doctors.

Question 2

A person's health varies depending on the social and ethnic groups to which he or she belongs.If you are a racial minority or are of lower social status,how does this influence health and longevity? How do we explain this association? How do socioeconomic status and race interact with each other? If one is of upper status,can it be assumed that this person will live longer,regardless of his or her race?

Accepted Answer

Black people have the highest infant mortality rate and cancer rates in the United States.Native Americans have the highest rates of cirrhosis of the liver and suicide.Hispanics have higher rates of diabetes than whites.Racism increases stress.It is suggested that economics are a factor in the rates of infant mortality.People with higher incomes may have better health and longevity due to healthier habits: they smoke less,eat better,and exercise more.This is explained with (1)selection theory,which asserts that the relationship between lower income and higher morbidity is spurious and that the observed correlation may be explained by other factors,such as genetics and biology,that affect both health and socioeconomic status; (2)the drift explanation,which asserts that health causes social position and that people who are in poor health cannot work so they drift into lower status; and (3)social determinants theory,which asserts that low socioeconomic status causes poor health and higher mortality rates.Being poor correlates with reduced health,and a disproportionate number of black people are poor.
However,if you are a racial minority and are middle or upper class,you can still suffer from shortened longevity and may have higher morbidity.This could be due to the fact that even though a person is middle or upper class,if that person is a racial minority,he or she can still feel the stress associated with discrimination or tokenism.

Question 3

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s.Which of the following might be a reason?

Accepted Answer

A)  More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe. 
B)  More Asians are being allowed in medical schools. 
C)  Requirements for medical schools are being lowered due to affirmative action. 
D)  More physicians are becoming surgeons. 
A)  More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe. 
B)  More Asians are being allowed in medical schools. 
C)  Requirements for medical schools are being lowered due to affirmative action. 
D)  More physicians are becoming surgeons. A

Question 4

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people.It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family.It could also be that:

Accepted Answer

A)  people who are healthier are more likely to get married. 
B)  people who are married have less sex, so they are less likely to contract sexually transmitted infections. 
C)  unmarried people are more likely to travel to areas of the world where there are higher rates of diseases. 
D)  unmarried people are less likely to have sex and are therefore more depressed, leading to physical ailments. 
A)  people who are healthier are more likely to get married. 
B)  people who are married have less sex, so they are less likely to contract sexually transmitted infections. 
C)  unmarried people are more likely to travel to areas of the world where there are higher rates of diseases. 
D)  unmarried people are less likely to have sex and are therefore more depressed, leading to physical ailments.

Question 5

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

Accepted Answer

A)  They tended to be born to older mothers. 
B)  They tended to be born to younger, healthier mothers. 
C)  They had access to a better diet. 
D)  They were less likely to have sex during their teen years. 
A)  They tended to be born to older mothers. 
B)  They tended to be born to younger, healthier mothers. 
C)  They had access to a better diet. 
D)  They were less likely to have sex during their teen years.

Question 6

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

Accepted Answer

A)  our bodies can only accumulate fat or muscle, not both. 
B)  adolescence is the foundation for growth that occurs later in life. 
C)  it makes exercise less likely. 
D)  it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place. 
A)  our bodies can only accumulate fat or muscle, not both. 
B)  adolescence is the foundation for growth that occurs later in life. 
C)  it makes exercise less likely. 
D)  it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place.

Question 7

According to existing studies,why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

Accepted Answer

A)  Those who worked were still married. 
B)  Those who worked had to have transportation; thus, they were more likely to be able to visit health care professionals. 
C)  Those who received more Social Security were more likely to take life risks, like gambling or eating unhealthy foods, because they had more leisure time. 
D)  Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction. 
A)  Those who worked were still married. 
B)  Those who worked had to have transportation; thus, they were more likely to be able to visit health care professionals. 
C)  Those who received more Social Security were more likely to take life risks, like gambling or eating unhealthy foods, because they had more leisure time. 
D)  Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.

Question 8

Historically,physicians did not have particularly high prestige,but their power did peak,according to some sociologists,around:

Accepted Answer

A)  the early 1900s. 
B)  the 1980s. 
C)  the mid-1950s. 
D)  the early 2000s. 
A)  the early 1900s. 
B)  the 1980s. 
C)  the mid-1950s. 
D)  the early 2000s.

Question 9

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  African American women 
B)  African American men 
C)  gays 
D)  lesbians 
A)  African American women 
B)  African American men 
C)  gays 
D)  lesbians

Question 10

In 1986,the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)was passed,making it:

Accepted Answer

A)  illegal to give medical care to people without insurance. 
B)  illegal to deliver a baby without medical training. 
C)  a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms. 
D)  legal to treat the young but not the elderly in emergency rooms, unless the elderly had Medicare. 
A)  illegal to give medical care to people without insurance. 
B)  illegal to deliver a baby without medical training. 
C)  a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms. 
D)  legal to treat the young but not the elderly in emergency rooms, unless the elderly had Medicare.

Question 11

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  family income. 
B)  heredity. 
C)  underlying personality differences. 
D)  birth order. 
A)  family income. 
B)  heredity. 
C)  underlying personality differences. 
D)  birth order.

Question 12

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is more expensive than gasoline by volume. 
B)  People (in taste tests) can tell a dramatic difference between tap and bottled water. 
C)  The contents of bottled water are more heavily regulated than those of tap water. 
D)  Doctors recommend that individuals should avoid tap water in most American cities. 
A)  It is more expensive than gasoline by volume. 
B)  People (in taste tests) can tell a dramatic difference between tap and bottled water. 
C)  The contents of bottled water are more heavily regulated than those of tap water. 
D)  Doctors recommend that individuals should avoid tap water in most American cities.

Question 13

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births,which leads to the ethical issue of:

Accepted Answer

A)  whether to abort some of the embryos. 
B)  health inequality. 
C)  health and nutritional inadequacies. 
D)  unwed pregnancies. 
A)  whether to abort some of the embryos. 
B)  health inequality. 
C)  health and nutritional inadequacies. 
D)  unwed pregnancies.

Question 14

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing access to clean water 
B)  increasing medical education 
C)  decreasing fertility 
D)  increasing education regarding condom use 
A)  increasing access to clean water 
B)  increasing medical education 
C)  decreasing fertility 
D)  increasing education regarding condom use

Question 15

One of the things that may have led Dr.Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health)continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the amount of money he makes from government grants. 
B)  his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist. 
C)  the fame and fortune he has acquired by traveling to all corners of the world. 
D)  the number of children he has fathered while traveling the world. 
A)  the amount of money he makes from government grants. 
B)  his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist. 
C)  the fame and fortune he has acquired by traveling to all corners of the world. 
D)  the number of children he has fathered while traveling the world.

Question 16

Inequality creates ____________,which affects our height through stress reactions.

Accepted Answer

A)  biological stress 
B)  psychological stress 
C)  contiguous stress 
D)  environmental equity 
A)  biological stress 
B)  psychological stress 
C)  contiguous stress 
D)  environmental equity

Question 17

Poor children can be covered medically by:

Accepted Answer

A)  only Medicare. 
B)  only Medicaid. 
C)  both Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Plan. 
D)  only private insurance. 
A)  only Medicare. 
B)  only Medicaid. 
C)  both Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Plan. 
D)  only private insurance.

Question 18

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

Accepted Answer

A)  stethoscope 
B)  thermometer 
C)  blood pressure cuff 
D)  leeches 
A)  stethoscope 
B)  thermometer 
C)  blood pressure cuff 
D)  leeches

Question 19

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians,they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

Accepted Answer

A)  forced to go into an unlicensed hospital. 
B)  undertreated. 
C)  ignored by administrative staff. 
D)  forced into risky treatments. 
A)  forced to go into an unlicensed hospital. 
B)  undertreated. 
C)  ignored by administrative staff. 
D)  forced into risky treatments.

Question 20

Hypertension is directly related to stress,which can be attributed to being poor.However,poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans.How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

Accepted Answer

A)  African Americans make bad lifestyle choices, regardless of their socioeconomic status. 
B)  All African Americans lack adequate health care when they are young. 
C)  African Americans have a genetic predisposition for hypertension. 
D)  All African Americans may still experience discrimination. 
A)  African Americans make bad lifestyle choices, regardless of their socioeconomic status. 
B)  All African Americans lack adequate health care when they are young. 
C)  African Americans have a genetic predisposition for hypertension. 
D)  All African Americans may still experience discrimination.

Discuss the historical evolution of doctors from a profession of little prestige to the important place they hold in present-day society.

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s.Which of the following might be a reason?

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people.It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family.It could also be that:

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

According to existing studies,why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

Historically,physicians did not have particularly high prestige,but their power did peak,according to some sociologists,around:

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

In 1986,the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)was passed,making it:

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births,which leads to the ethical issue of:

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?

One of the things that may have led Dr.Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health)continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

Inequality creates ____________,which affects our height through stress reactions.

Poor children can be covered medically by:

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians,they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

Hypertension is directly related to stress,which can be attributed to being poor.However,poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans.How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction

Methods

Culture and Media

Socialization and the Construction of Reality

Groups and Networks

Social Control and Deviance

Stratification

Gender

Race

Poverty

Family (in Core edition)

Education

Capitalism and the Economy

Authority and the State

Religion

Science, the Environment, and Society

Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change

Filters

Exam 11: Health and Society

Discuss the historical evolution of doctors from a profession of little prestige to the important place they hold in present-day society.

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s.Which of the following might be a reason?

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people.It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family.It could also be that:

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

According to existing studies,why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

Historically,physicians did not have particularly high prestige,but their power did peak,according to some sociologists,around:

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

In 1986,the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)was passed,making it:

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births,which leads to the ethical issue of:

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?

One of the things that may have led Dr.Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health)continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

Inequality creates ____________,which affects our height through stress reactions.

Poor children can be covered medically by:

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians,they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

Hypertension is directly related to stress,which can be attributed to being poor.However,poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans.How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction

Methods

Culture and Media

Socialization and the Construction of Reality

Groups and Networks

Social Control and Deviance

Stratification

Gender

Race

Poverty

Family (in Core edition)

Education

Capitalism and the Economy

Authority and the State

Religion

Science, the Environment, and Society

Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change

Filters