Deck 5: Principles and Applications of Appetitive Conditioning

Question 1

Steve is an avid cell phone user.He checks it all the time.One day,Steve could not find his cell phone.As a result,Steve became anxious and upset.After looking in the car,he found it and became relaxed.When finding the cell phone causes Steve to become relaxed,this is referred to as ______.

A)primary reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)negative reinforcement
D)conditioning contrast

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Cecil is helping his friend move to a new house.After the moving is done,Cecil's friend gives him a beer.The beer is an example of ______.

A)primary reinforcement
B)secondary reinforcement
C)tertiary reinforcement
D)computational reinforcement

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Choose the most accurate answer.Joe is making fishing flies.After making a dozen flies,Joe gets paid $4.After he gets paid,Joe takes a break before starting to make flies again.Taking a break is an example of ______.

A)behavioral contrast
B)a variable-ratio schedule
C)variable-interval schedule
D)a postreinforcement pause

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Misty is helping a person put up wallpaper.After they are done,the person gives Misty $150.The $150 is an example of ______.

A)primary reinforcement
B)secondary reinforcement
C)tertiary reinforcement
D)computational reinforcement

Question 5

Joe is trying to teach his dog to fetch a stick.First,he gets the dog interested in the stick by moving around the dog.When the dog starts to sniff the stick,Joe gives the dog a treat.Soon the dog is always sniffing the stick.Then Joe puts the stick near the dog's mouth.When the dog touches it with its mouth,Joe gives the dog a treat.Then Joe only gives the dog a treat when the dog puts the stick in its mouth.Joe then throws the stick a short distance.When the dog picks up the stick with his mouth,Joe gives him a treat.Finally,Joe throws the stick and the dog picks it up and brings it back to Joe.Joe is using which technique?

A)negative reinforcement
B)tertiary reinforcement
C)shaping by successive approximations
D)contingency management

Question 6

The specified relationship between behavior and reinforcement is called ______.

A)conditioning
B)behavioral contrast
C)the congruency effect
D)a contingency

Question 7

JoAnn is with her toddler in the supermarket.The toddler begins to yell and scream that he wants a candy bar.At first JoAnn says no,but as the child begins to scream more and more,JoAnn gives him the candy bar.As a result,the child stops screaming.This is an example of ______.

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)tertiary reinforcement
D)conditional reinforcement

Question 8

Which schedule is most likely to give you a postreinforcement pause?

A)a VR-5 schedule
B)a FR-5 schedule
C)a FR-15 schedule
D)a VR-15 S schedule

Question 9

Anthony is making fishing flies.After every dozen flies he makes,he gets paid $4.Anthony is on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed-ratio
B)variable-ratio
C)fixed-interval
D)variable-interval

Question 10

Any event that increases the probability of the behavior occurring is called ______.

A)reinforcement
B)contingency responding
C)instrumental conditioning
D)behavioral contrast

Question 11

Marcus is making widgets.After every 10 widgets,Marcus receives five dollars.Marcus is on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)primary
B)fixed-interval
C)fixed-ratio
D)secondary

Question 12

The difference between instrumental and operant conditioning is ______.

A)operant conditioning constrains the amount of reinforcement an animal would receive
B)instrumental conditioning allows unlimited amounts of reinforcement
C)instrumental conditioning constrains the opportunity for reward while operant conditioning does not
D)operant conditioning constrains the opportunity for reward while instrumental conditioning does not

Question 13

John is a waiter in a restaurant.One day a patron begins to yell at John.As a result,John pours water all over the patron's head.As a result,the patron stops yelling.For John,this is an example of ______.

A)conditional punishment
B)primary reinforcement
C)secondary reinforcement
D)negative reinforcement

Question 14

Joe is trying to get his dog to fetch a ball.Joe first throws the ball and the dog stands there looking at him.Joe gets the ball and throws it again and says fetch.The dog again stands there looking at him.What could Joe do to get his dog to play fetch ?

A)give him a electric shock
B)start yelling at him
C)use shaping
D)none of these are correct

Question 15

Negative reinforcement and punishment ______.

A)cause a behavior to decrease
B)are the same
C)cause a behavior to increase
D)none of these are correct

Question 16

To get a behavior to occur the first time,one should use ______.

A)large amounts of primary reinforcers
B)large amounts of secondary reinforcers
C)large amounts of tertiary reinforcers
D)shaping by successive approximations

Question 17

Choose the best answer.For Skinner,environmental events ______.

A)constrain the opportunity for reward
B)reduced the opportunity for reinforcement
C)informs the person when reinforcement is available
D)none of these

Question 18

Which of the following does not impact the strength of secondary reinforcement?

A)the magnitude of the primary reinforcement
B)the number of pairings between the secondary reinforcement stimulus and primary reinforcement
C)the time between the presentation of the secondary reinforcement and primary reinforcement
D)the ability of the primary reinforcement to create a tertiary reinforcer

Question 19

Ratio schedules of reinforcement are based on ______,while interval schedules of reinforcement are based on ______.

A)responses; time
B)responses; reinforcers
C)time; responses
D)time; amounts of reinforcers

Question 20

Mark is in a conditioning experiment where there is no limit on the amount of money he can obtain.Which type of conditioning experiment is Mark participating in?

A)incidental conditioning
B)instrumental conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 21

After receiving a reinforcer on a fixed-interval schedule,the organism ______

A)stops
B)continues responding at a higher rate
C)continues responding at the same rate
D)initially continues responding at the same rate,then decreases responding

Question 22

You help a friend move into a new house.After you are done,your friend goes inside and closes the door.Three days later,they call you up and thank you for helping them move.From an operant conditioning perspective,the next time your friend moves,what will you do?

A)You will immediately go and help your friend move.
B)You will help your friend move but wait several days.
C)You will start to help your friend but then stop.
D)You will not help your friend.

Question 23

Scallop effects occur in which reinforcement schedule?

A)fixed-ratio
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-ratio
D)variable-interval

Question 24

Jerry is a teacher in a class of young students who have lots of energy.Jerry tells them that if they are quiet for 5 min,they can go outside for recess.As a result,the students stop fidgeting and are very quiet.Jerry is using which type of reinforcement schedule?

A)DRH
B)DRO
C)DRL
D)contingency

Question 25

Marcus is in Vegas and starts to play a slot machine.On his first pull,he wins $1.On his second pull,he wins nothing; on his third pull,he wins nothing,and on his fourth pull,he wins a dollar.Marcus is on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed-ratio
B)variable-ratio
C)fixed-interval
D)variable-interval

Question 26

John is in a biochemistry class.Each week,he has a major exam that covers two chapters.To do well,John must utilize which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed-ratio
B)variable-ratio
C)DRH
D)DRO

Question 27

Steve has been writing and receiving grants for a university for the past 10 years.However,when he recently asked for a raise in his salary,it was denied.As a result,Steve's grant writing behavior has significantly decreased.Steve is experiencing a ______ effect.

A)behavioral contrast
B)serial position
C)positive contrast
D)negative contrast

Question 28

Steve is waiting for an important check from the IRS.He begins to check his mail starting at 9 o'clock in the morning and checks it every hour throughout the day.This is an example of a ______.

A)fixed-ratio schedule
B)variable-ratio schedule
C)fixed-interval schedule
D)variable-interval schedule

Question 29

When I am in Vegas,the slot machines require that you pull the handle within a specific period of time in order to get reinforcement.This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

A)DRO
B)variable-ratio
C)compound
D)DRH

Question 30

When a reinforcer depends on both time and responding,this is called ______.

A)a contingency reinforcement schedule
B)a differential reinforcement schedule.
C)a variable-ratio schedule
D)a fixed-ratio schedule

Question 31

When a dog must wait a specific period of time and then make a response before receiving reinforcement,this is called ______.

A)contingency reinforcement
B)a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
C)behavioral contrast
D)a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 32

I love the fly fish.I put the fly in the water and I immediately catch a fish.The next time I put the fly in the water,I wait 5 min before catching a fish.The third time I put my fly in the water,I wait 20 min before catching a fish.Finally,the next time I put my fly in the water,I catch a fish in 2 min.This is an example of a ______ reinforcement schedule.

A)fixed-ratio
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-ratio
D)variable-interval

Question 33

Susan is taking a learning class.During this period,she is given an assignment where she needs to conduct a 15-page research project and write it up within 2 weeks.Consequently,Susan must work very hard to complete the assignment.This is an example of a ______ of reinforcement.

A)fixed-ratio schedule
B)DRO schedule
C)DRH schedule
D)contingency reinforcement schedule

Question 34

I am trying to start my lawn mower.I pull the starting cord 20 times and it doesn't start.I then wait 1 min and pull the cord another 20 times and it still doesn't start.I then decide to take a break.After waiting for 5 min,I come back and pull the cord and the lawn mower starts.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

A)variable-interval
B)variable-ratio
C)DRO schedule
D)DRL schedule

Question 35

Which schedule gives you the highest rate of responding?

A)a fixed-ratio
B)a variable-ratio
C)a contrasting schedule
D)a contingency schedule

Question 36

One way to increase the delay between the response and reinforcer is to ______.

A)provide a greater positive reinforcer
B)use a DRH schedule
C)use a DRO schedule
D)use a secondary reinforcer during the interval

Question 37

The longer the delay between the response in a primary reinforcer,______.

A)the greater the conditioning
B)the greater the importance of the primary reinforcer
C)the weaker the conditioning
D)the greater the importance of a DRO schedule

Question 38

Which factor plays an important role in negative contrast effects?

A)the schedule of reinforcement
B)the schedule of punishment
C)the amount of reinforcement
D)the emotion of frustration

Question 39

When a small reward is less effective than it would normally be because of past experiences with a large reward,this is called ______.

A)a positive contrast effect
B)a negative contrast effect
C)a tertiary contrast effect
D)a serial position effect

Question 40

One way to achieve high responding is to ______.

A)have a long delay between the response and reinforcer
B)increase the reward magnitude
C)use a variable-interval schedule
D)none of these are correct

Question 41

In contingency management,the desired response is determined during the ______ stage.

A)assessment
B)contracting
C)implementation
D)concluding

Question 42

Behavior modification as a term differs from contingency management in that behavior modification refers to ______.

A)modifying only up inappropriate behaviors
B)the use of punishment alone
C)the reduction of appropriate behaviors
D)the modification of all types of behaviors

Question 43

The utilization of contingent reinforcement to increase the frequency of appropriate behaviors or decrease inappropriate responses is called ______.

A)contingency management
B)behavioral contracting
C)behavioral monitoring
D)behavioral enhancement

Question 44

A person receives $500 a week for working at their job.Which of the following is true?

A)the person is receiving a primary reinforcer
B)the person's behavior is on a variable-interval schedule
C)the person's behavior will decrease if they are suddenly paid only $400 a week
D)all of the statements are true

Question 45

Contingency management programs often employ ______.

A)token economies
B)aversive therapy
C)drug therapy
D)behavioral contrast

Question 46

John is tired of his friend yelling at him.He decides to put his friend on extinction and ignore them when they yell,but listen intently when they do not.What will happen when he begins this process?

A)the yelling behavior will immediately decrease
B)the yelling behavior will gradually decrease
C)the yelling behavior will increase,then begin to decrease
D)the yelling behavior will increase and remain at a high steady rate

Question 47

Explanations for partial reinforcement effect do not include ______.

A)frustration theory
B)sequential theory
C)contrast theory
D)none of these are correct

Question 48

Contingency management has been used to ______.

A)decrease disruptive behavior in children
B)increase academic performance
C)increase drug abstinence
D)all of these are correct

Question 49

An organism is responding to a stimulus at a high steady rate in an operant chamber.The organism is then placed on extinction and the behavior decreases to zero.Once done,the organism is then taken and placed in its home cage for several hours.When the organism is again placed back in the operant chamber,what will occur?

A)The behavior will return to the same rate as it was before.
B)The behavior will return to the same rate,then decrease to the same rate as it was before.
C)The behavior will return to a lower rate,then decrease to zero.
D)The behavior will return to a lower rate,then increase to the same rate as it was before.

Question 50

Stages of contingency management include ______.

A)assessment
B)contingency contracting
C)implementation
D)all of these are correct

Question 51

If I want to increase your job performance,what should I do?

A)place you on a DRO schedule
B)increase your salary
C)place you on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement
D)place you on a variable interval of such reinforcement

Question 52

A child throws tantrums in a grocery store.After several experiences,the parent decides to extinguish the behavior.After a period of time,the temper tantrums decrease and stop.One day,the child throws a tantrum and the parent gives a piece of candy.The next time the child goes to the grocery store,they again throw a tantrum but this time the parent does not give the candy.The following time,when the child goes to the grocery store they throw a more intense tantrum than they did before.When this type of behavior occurs,it is called ______.

A)a fixed-ratio schedule
B)a partial reinforcement effect
C)the behavioral contrast effect
D)a contingent reinforcement effect

Question 53

When a response is no longer followed by reinforcer and that response begins to decrease,this is called ______.

A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)DRH behavior

Question 54

The behavior problem is defined in the ______ stage in contingency management.

A)implementation
B)concluding
C)assessment
D)contracting

Question 55

Contingency management programs have been used to ______.

A)increase the use of medications
B)reduce smoking
C)reduce weight
D)all of these are correct

Question 56

Self-reinforcement procedures have been found to be ______.

A)largely ineffective
B)generally ineffective
C)somewhat effective
D)often effective

Question 57

Cues associated with nonreward ______.

A)cause the behavior to increase,then decrease
B)develop aversive qualities
C)cause the behavior to decrease,then increase
D)have no impact on behavior

Question 58

Which brain structure seems to have a major role in negative contrast effects?

A)the super dorsal amygdala
B)the lateral amygdala
C)the hippocampus
D)the medial amygdala

Question 59

Outpatient contingency management programs utilize a/an ______.

A)contingency partner who ensures the program remains in effect at all times
B)videotape partner who maintains an accurate portrayal of the desired behavior at all times
C)self-reinforcement procedure
D)electronic monitoring device attached to the ankle

Question 60

For Skinner,a reward is a satisfying state of affairs.

Question 61

Operant behavior is elicited by a specific stimulus.

Question 62

When greater resistance to extinction occurs with intermittent rather than continuous reinforcement,this is called the extinction contrast effect.

Question 63

Tokens are an effective way of changing behavior.

Question 64

Operant conditioning places no constraint on the amount of reinforcement the animal or person would receive.

Question 65

Provide an example of fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules.Which of all ratio and interval schedules gives the best responding and is the most resistant to extinction?

Question 66

What is shaping by successive approximations? Provide a brief example of shaping.

Question 67

Stages of contingency management include assessment,implementation,and evaluation.

Question 68

Provide an example of a DRH,DRL,and DRO schedule.

Question 69

Frustration theory and sequential theory are two models that describe the extinction contrast effect.

Question 70

Nonreward can increase rather than decrease the intensity of the behavior.

Question 71

Compare and contrast primary reinforcement with secondary reinforcement.What is the difference between the two groups? Then provide two examples of primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers.

Question 72

Playing a slot machine is an example of a variable-interval schedule.

Question 73

Pauses after reinforcement in a fixed ratio schedule are called a postreinforcement pause.

Question 74

In operant conditioning,extinction occurs when you stop providing the reinforcement.

Question 75

Shaping is an effective way to teach an animal or person a new behavior.

Question 76

Food is a primary reinforcement,while money is a secondary reinforcement.

Question 77

Ratio schedules are based on the amount of time that passes.

Question 78

When experience with low reward increases the influence of a high reward,this is called a positive contrast effect.