Deck 12: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

Walter thinks of himself as a male,and shows no confusion about that determination.Luisa is biologically female,but perceives herself as a male,also showing no confusion about her perception.Walter has established a clear __________,and Luisa has established a clear __________.

A)gender stereotype;gender identity
B)gender identity;gender identity
C)gender stereotype;gender stereotype
D)gender identity;gender stereotype

Answer 1

gender identity;gender identity

Question 2

Which brain structure is proportionately larger in women than in men?

A)prefrontal cortex
B)substantia nigra
C)occipital lobe
D)corpus callosum

Answer 2

corpus callosum

Question 3

Which term do researchers usually reserve for anatomical,biological,or genetic differences between females and males?

A)physiology
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender roles

Answer 3

sex

Question 4

Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of __________ prenatally,they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors.

A)cholesterol
B)estrogen
C)androgens
D)toxins

Question 5

According to the psychoanalytic perspective,what takes place around the age of 5 that impacts gender development?

A)girls experience castration anxiety and boys experience penis envy for their fathers
B)boys experience the Oedipal conflict and girls experience penis envy
C)girls and boys develop a sexual attraction to their same-sex parent
D)boys and girls identify with their opposite-sex parent

Question 6

Chris,a 4-year-old,enjoys rough-and-tumble play at preschool.Pat,a 3-year-old,likes to play games that are organized,with rules for role-playing.Statistically,Chris is likely to be a __________ and Pat is likely to be a __________.

A)boy;girl
B)boy;boy
C)girl;boy
D)girl;girl

Question 7

When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema,she or he is __________.

A)developing her or his own sexual identity based on inborn expectations
B)increasing her or his own cognitive abilities to develop "rules" about what is appropriate for females and males
C)developing her or his own ideas about how females and males are biologically different
D)developing her or his behaviors solely around what she or he sees from parents' behaviors

Question 8

Five-year-old Amy is getting dressed to go to preschool,and her mother has bought her new jeans to wear.However,Amy refuses and insists that girls wear only dresses.This may be an application of Amy's __________.

A)gender constancy
B)sexual identity
C)gender schema
D)gender identity

Question 9

Male sex hormones are known as __________.

A)estrogens
B)androgens
C)testosterone
D)callosums

Question 10

Why is the corpus callosum proportionately different in size in women than in men?

A)experiential factors,such as greater social interaction over time,cause this outcome
B)biological factors,such as differences in hormone type and composition,cause this difference
C)biological factors,such as the length of the mother's pregnancy,produce this outcome
D)the answer isn't clear;either biological factors or environmental experiences could produce this outcome

Question 11

At approximately what age do girls and boys tend to understand the concept of gender constancy?

A)1 or 2 years of age
B)2 or 3 years of age
C)4 or 5 years of age
D)8 or 9 years of age

Question 12

Research suggests that by age __________,boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls.

A)3 months
B)2 years
C)5 years
D)6 years

Question 13

__________ refers to the belief that people are permanently females or males depending on fixed,unchangeable biological factors.

A)Gender schema
B)Gender constancy
C)Gender identity
D)Sexual identity

Question 14

Which term describes a person's perception of the self as female or male?

A)sexual identity
B)individualistic orientation
C)gender schema
D)gender identity

Question 15

Preschoolers show evidence of holding gender expectations,often in the form of gender stereotypes.Which of the following is a common gender stereotype about men?

A)trustworthiness
B)sensitivity
C)kindness
D)competence

Question 16

Gender,a person's sense of being female or male,is first established when children are __________.

A)in adolescence
B)around 8 years old
C)infants
D)preschool age

Question 17

Which common cross-cultural pattern describes the interaction preferences of children from the preschool years to middle childhood?

A)girls prefer to engage in rough-and-tumble play
B)boys prefer opposite-sex playmates,whereas girls prefer same-sex playmates
C)children prefer to engage in same-sex play
D)boys prefer games that have rigid rules and roles

Question 18

Which term describes one's sense of being female or male?

A)social perception
B)gender
C)sex
D)gender roles

Question 19

What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors?

A)height
B)hormones
C)brain size
D)birth weight

Question 20

In order to develop a(n)_________,a child must develop a __________.

A)gender schema;gender identity
B)gender identity;gender schema
C)self-concept;gender identity
D)individualistic orientation;gender schema

Question 21

The average age at which adolescents have sexual intercourse for the first time is __________;overall the average age of first sexual intercourse is __________.

A)increasing;15
B)declining;13
C)declining;17
D)increasing;19

Question 22

Early maturation in girls may result in which of the following?

A)uncomfortable feelings at being different from their peers
B)admiration from less mature classmates
C)intellectual maturity beyond their peers
D)lowered popularity and decreased social functioning

Question 23

What term relates to the object of one's sexual attraction?

A)homosexuality
B)sexual orientation
C)heterosexuality
D)gender identity

Question 24

What percentage of boys and girls have engaged in masturbation by the age of 15,respectively?

A)25 percent;25 percent
B)50 percent;35 percent
C)65 percent;10 percent
D)80 percent;20 percent

Question 25

Even though there is a decline in the birth rate for U.S.teenagers,the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States remains __________ compared to other industrialized countries.

A)2 to 10 times higher
B)5 to 10 times higher
C)2 to 3 times lower
D)3 to 4 times lower

Question 26

Which group is the least likely to have difficulty adjusting to late maturation?

A)Tenth grade late-maturing girls
B)Late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers
C)Late-maturing boys who speak with a high-pitched voice
D)Seventh grade late-maturing girls

Question 27

The number of adolescents who reported never having had sexual intercourse __________ from 1991 to 2007.

A)decreased by 30 percent
B)increased by 13 percent
C)decreased by 15 percent
D)increased by 50 percent

Question 28

A person who is exclusively sexually attracted to another person of the same sex has a(n)__________ orientation.

A)heterosexual
B)bisexual
C)asexual
D)homosexual

Question 29

Masturbation refers to __________.

A)sexual self-stimulation
B)abstinence from sexual activity
C)changes in sexual organs due to puberty
D)changes in sexual thoughts during puberty

Question 30

Which outcome is a downside to early maturation in a boy?

A)The boy is more likely to have difficulties in finding girls attractive.
B)The boy is likely to feel excluded by peers due to being too masculine.
C)The boy is likely to become involved in substance abuse.
D)The boy is likely to demonstrate early maturity in his nonverbal cognitive development.

Question 31

Which factor plays a significant role in how girls experience early maturation?

A)how well the girl and her mother communicate
B)cultural norms regarding how women should look
C)how well the girl and her father communicate
D)how much attention the girl receives from same-age boys

Question 32

Tony is a young man who is sexually attracted to other men.For Tony,being attracted to other men is his __________.

A)gender identity
B)sexual attraction
C)sexual orientation
D)heterosexuality

Question 33

Why might late-maturing girls end up having few emotional problems in the long run of adolescence,compared to their earlier-maturing counterparts?

A)Their body size and shape are more likely to match a societal ideal.
B)They are likely to engage in sexual activity at a later age.
C)They are likely to engage in sexual activity at an earlier age.
D)Their social maturation tends to lag behind their physical maturation.

Question 34

Which factor helps explain the historic low in the teenage birth rate?

A)The price of condoms has steadily increased.
B)A greater number of adolescents are taking the "virginity pledge" in schools across the country.
C)The rate of sexual intercourse among teenagers has increased,and the use of birth control has decreased.
D)Substitutes for sexual intercourse,such as oral sex,are increasingly accepted as an alternative to sexual intercourse

Question 35

When a person pursues sexual reassignment surgery because they feel they were born with the wrong physical sex,it is called being __________.

A)homosexual
B)transgender
C)asexual
D)bisexual

Question 36

__________ children believe they are trapped in the body of the other gender,and may express these feelings at a young age.

A)Androgynous
B)Prematurely born
C)Gender schematic
D)Transgender

Question 37

Sexual orientation is __________.

A)based primarily on genetic predisposition
B)produced by a combination of genetic,psychological,and environmental factors
C)psychologically influenced based on family factors
D)based strictly upon a conscious choice by the person

Question 38

In the past two decades,the number of teenage pregnancies has __________.

A)risen steadily for white teenagers
B)risen dramatically for Asian American teenagers
C)dropped dramatically across all ethnic groups
D)dropped slowly for Hispanic teenagers,while rising steadily for African American teenagers

Question 39

Social norms oppose premarital sex for women in which of these areas?

A)Sweden
B)United States
C)Spain
D)Middle East

Question 40

According to current norms,if sexual intercourse occurs within the context of a long-term,committed,or loving relationship,it is considered __________.

A)a double standard
B)marriage
C)engagement
D)permissiveness with affection

Question 41

The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age,race,education,or religion is referred to as __________.

A)marriage gradient
B)homogamy
C)a cross-cultural factor
D)gender replication

Question 42

Over the past half-century,there has been a significant __________.

A)increase in the number of couples getting married
B)decline in the number of couples living together without getting married
C)decline in the number of couples getting married
D)decline in the number of same-sex couples living together

Question 43

According to the triangular theory,companionate love develops when __________ are present.

A)intimacy and commitment
B)infatuation and romance
C)passion and intimacy
D)passion and commitment

Question 44

When two people have a "fling" or short-term relationship based only on sexual attraction,it represents __________ in the triangular theory.

A)nonlove
B)infatuated love
C)liking
D)empty love

Question 45

Although dating is a part of a pattern of courtship that can potentially lead to marriage,it can also __________.

A)help adolescents learn to establish intimacy with another individual
B)create physical health problems
C)reduce status and prestige for girls,but benefit the status of boys
D)establish sexual or gender identity

Question 46

Marsha and Alice have been a couple for 15 years,and their relationship is strained with bickering and unhappiness.They are not considering separating because they have an 8-year-old son whom they both love deeply.The triangular theory of love would categorize their relationship as __________.

A)companionate love
B)empty love
C)fatuous love
D)nonlove

Question 47

Why might some immigrant parents be especially conservative in their attitudes toward their children dating?

A)Most immigrant parents fear their children will be rejected by majority-group dating partners,so they want to protect their feelings.
B)Immigrant children have a limited pool of other immigrants to date,so it's easier to just not date at all.
C)Immigrant parents typically come from liberal cultural backgrounds,and therefore "tone down" their attitudes,but to too great an extent.
D)The parents' cultural or religious values might have limited their own dating opportunities,and therefore their knowledge of typical dating practices.

Question 48

According to the triangular theory,fatuous love develops when __________ are present.

A)intimacy and commitment
B)infatuation and intimacy
C)passion and intimacy
D)passion and commitment

Question 49

Which of the following helps explain cross-cultural similarities and gender priorities in mate selection?

A)evolutionary perspective
B)personality dimensions
C)social forces
D)familial constraints

Question 50

Feelings of closeness,affection,and connectedness are elements of __________.

A)fatuous love
B)intimacy
C)passionate love
D)infatuated love

Question 51

What are the two major factors that determine whether an elderly person can engage in sexual activity?

A)family approval and personal sexual history
B)participation in an exercise program and whether they have an available partner
C)good physical and mental health and previous sexual activity
D)the level of testosterone in men and the level of estrogen in women

Question 52

Jorge has been socialized to seek a woman who is younger,smaller,and lower in status than he.This is referred to as __________.

A)the marriage gradient
B)a universal norm
C)social selectivity
D)societal bias

Question 53

"Hooking up," to adolescents,is __________.

A)getting a cell phone
B)planning a clandestine party
C)a vague term that covers everything from kissing to sexual intercourse
D)a specific term meaning the use of the Internet to play video games

Question 54

According to the triangular theory,the components of love include __________.

A)a passion component that comprises physiologically arousing feelings of attraction
B)an intimacy component that embodies a longer-term determination to maintain love
C)companionate love,where strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved
D)a commitment component that embodies the boundaries we put on our relationships to keep others from getting too close

Question 55

Which group represents "bottom of the barrel" men?

A)men who do not marry because they cannot find a woman of low enough status
B)men who do not marry because of compatibility
C)men who are fearful of commitment
D)men who find women unappealing

Question 56

What is the most common sexual practice in late adulthood?

A)anal sex
B)masturbation
C)sexual intercourse
D)oral sex

Question 57

According to Erik Erikson,young adulthood is a period focused on resolving the __________ stage.

A)identity-versus-role confusion
B)generativity-versus-stagnation
C)intimacy-versus-isolation
D)ego integrity-versus-despair

Question 58

The reported frequency of sexual intercourse tends to __________ between the ages of 44 and 72.

A)decline
B)increase
C)stay the same
D)dip then rise

Question 59

When two people are living in an arranged marriage,or a couple has decided to stay together "for the sake of the children," it represents __________ in the triangular theory.

A)nonlove
B)fatuous love
C)liking
D)empty love

Question 60

According to the triangular theory,liking develops when only __________ is present.

A)passion
B)intimacy
C)loyalty
D)similarity

Question 61

Describe the logic of the marriage gradient and how it affects potential marriage partner choice.

Question 62

Compare passionate and companionate love,and give an example of how Albert and Madison might experience both in their relationship.

Question 63

While sexual orientation refers to the direction of one's sexual interests,__________ refers to the gender that a person believes he or she is psychologically.

A)gender assignment
B)gender identity
C)gender definition
D)gender acceptance

Question 64

Most research regarding marital satisfaction __________.

A)substantiates the "U-shaped" pattern,where marital satisfaction is high at the beginning,drops down around the birth of children,and then gradually rises back to its original high level
B)brings the "U-shape" in question,suggesting that the upturn in the U-shape may be illusory,and that marital dissatisfaction continues throughout life
C)is not conclusive regarding the "U-shape" and marital satisfaction,but seems to substantiate that women are more satisfied than men
D)is not conclusive regarding the "U-shape" and marital satisfaction,but seems to substantiate that men are more satisfied than women

Question 65

Which of the following statements about gender differences has been shown to be accurate?

A)From birth,girls tend to cry more often and for longer periods than boys.
B)Parents play differently with baby sons than with baby daughters.
C)At age 1,boy and girl babies show no differences in toy preferences.
D)Parents show equal concern when their sons and their daughters play with "gender-inappropriate" toys.

Question 66

Which characteristic is typical of a happy marriage?

A)Partners show affection and communicate equally about negative and positive aspects of one another.
B)Partners establish early in the marriage the dominant and inferior statuses of the partners.
C)Partners perceive themselves as co-dependent rather than interdependent entities.
D)Partners have social homogamy and share leisure activities,role preferences,and similar interests.

Question 67

According to __________ approaches to gender development,boys and girls acquire their understanding of gender expectations and behavior by watching others,including neighbors,friends,and characters in books and other media.

A)cognitive
B)psychoanalytic
C)social learning
D)biological

Question 68

Which of the following is a factor in the recent decrease in teenage pregnancies in the United States?

A)reduced socioeconomic disparities among minority groups
B)decrease in the age of marriage
C)the growing popularity of virginity pledges
D)the increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception

Question 69

Summarize the reasons an adult might opt for singlehood,and some disadvantages that may result from that decision.

Question 70

Compare gender,sex,and gender roles,and give an example of each.

Question 71

Summarize the biological,psychoanalytic,social learning,and cognitive approaches to understanding gender development.Apply each perspective to an example of a young girl,Stephanie,who is coming to understand her gender.

Question 72

One reason why young adults choose to marry is that __________.

A)they believe it is the appropriate culmination of a loving relationship and the "right" thing to do
B)having a spouse with which to share one's wealth is important for men
C)government benefits decrease upon signing a marriage license
D)marriage offers a guaranteed lifelong commitment to both parties

Question 73

One possible biological explanation of gender differences is that the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain,called the __________,is proportionally larger in women than in men.

A)corpus callosum
B)myelin cord
C)cerebral cortex
D)neuronal knot

Question 74

A gender __________ is a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender.

A)identity
B)role
C)script
D)schema

Question 75

Which reason correctly explains why marriages unravel in Western society?

A)People are less concerned for their own personal happiness.
B)There are few legal and financial impediments to getting a divorce.
C)Women have fewer economic opportunities available to them.
D)The social services benefits of marriage,such as tax advantages,no longer exist.

Question 76

In the preschool years,children's expectations about gender behaviors __________.

A)have not yet begun to emerge clearly
B)are more open and undefined than in later childhood
C)are more stereotyped than at other points in life
D)have emerged in boys but not yet in girls

Question 77

Simply put,__________ people eventually marry.

A)most
B)few
C)all
D)a little less than half of all

Question 78

Although there can also be negative consequences to early maturation,which of the following is a potential positive consequence of early maturation?

A)In boys,it often leads to greater sense of humor and less conforming.
B)In girls,it can bring increased popularity and self-esteem.
C)In boys,it makes involvement in delinquency and substance abuse less likely.
D)In girls,it eases the passage to social and academic achievement.

Question 79

Sam and Ella have agreed to participate in marriage counseling.They have been married for five years and each person reports they have become bored with their marriage.Initially,what can the marriage therapist tell them regarding the "ups and downs" of marriage?

A)They will need to improve their communication skills to discuss issues during counseling.
B)Marital satisfaction will decline if couples do not engage in fun activities.
C)Marital satisfaction begins to decline just after the marriage and it continues to fall until it reaches its lowest point,usually following the birth of children.
D)Couples should spend more time with other married couples to engage in decision- making.

Question 80

Most experts believe that sexual orientation is the product of a complex combination of __________ factors.

A)genetic,physiological,and environmental
B)individual,family,and relational
C)personal,peer,and societal
D)physical,psychological,and emotional