Deck 4: Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Question 1

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr.Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates.Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants.The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member?

A) A prisoner advocate
B) A criminal justice professor
C) The prison warden
D) A prisoner

Answer 1

A prisoner advocate

Question 2

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr.Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent.Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report?

A) The principle of beneficence
B) The principle of justice
C) The principle of integrity
D) The principle of respect for persons

Answer 2

The principle of respect for persons

Question 3

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr.Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night.He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all.Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception?

A) Whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception
B) Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe
C) Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception
D) Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

Answer 3

Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

Question 4

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr.Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine.This would be an example of which of the following?

A) Deception through omission
B) Deception through commission
C) Deception through permission
D) Deception through exception

Question 5

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?

A) Women
B) Members of minority religious groups
C) People with developmental disabilities
D) Refugees

Question 6

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other?

A) Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher
B) Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study
C) Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study
D) Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

Question 7

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr.Kushner's study?

A) He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study.
B) He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception.
C) He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous.
D) He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.

Question 8

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

A) Participants were harmed.
B) Participants were not treated respectfully.
C) Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.
D) Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr.Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation.Given this information, what type of participants should Dr.Kushner recruit for his study?

A) People with a history of insomnia
B) Employees from a local daycare center
C) Students from a community college
D) Patients from Dr. Kushner's clinical psychology practice

Question 10

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

A) Syphilis
B) HIV
C) Tuberculosis
D) Smallpox

Question 11

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report?

A) It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.
B) It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies.
C) It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe.
D) It was replaced by the APA guidelines.

Question 12

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr.Kushner plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session.Which of the following is true of the debriefing?

A) Dr. Kushner only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session.
B) Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional.
C) During the debriefing, Dr. Kushner only needs to tell the participants that there was deception.
D) Participants must be told the reasons for the deception.

Question 13

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr.Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates.Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants.Why is this choice potentially problematic?

A) According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.
B) Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth.
C) Prisoners are unable to give informed consent.
D) More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study.

Question 14

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr.Kushner trusts his graduate student to conduct the study.However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr.Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses.This is known as which of the following?

A) Data fabrication
B) Data falsification
C) Plagiarism
D) Intellectual property destruction

Question 15

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required.Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

A) A statement of benefits
B) A statement of risks
C) A description of the study's hypotheses
D) A list of procedures

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

A) A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate
B) A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study
C) A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study
D) A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

Question 17

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study?

A) Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not.
B) Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.
C) Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease.
D) Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr.Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions?

A) Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people who are not in my study?
B) What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?
C) Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent?
D) Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr.Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

A) The principle of integrity
B) The principle of respect for persons
C) The principle of beneficence
D) The principle of justice

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr.Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester.He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance.For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr.Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them.After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr.Kushner plans to let them return to sleep.As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure.He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session.The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr.Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 21

When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues?

A) The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher
B) The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected
C) The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain
D) The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected

Question 22

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?

A) The principle of consent and honesty
B) The principle of reliability and validity
C) The principle of honor and accountability/commitment
D) The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

Question 23

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?

A) The principle of respect for persons
B) The principle of justice
C) The principle of beneficence
D) The principle of integrity

Question 24

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies?

A) Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception.
B) Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception.
C) Students can find deception to be stressful.
D) Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

Question 25

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics?

A) It violates an APA standard.
B) It violates a Belmont principle.
C) It is akin to lying.
D) It makes psychology researchers look bad.

Question 26

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?

A) They are impossible to discover.
B) They impede scientific progress.
C) They are federal crimes.
D) Data are easy to acquire.

Question 27

In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)?

A) IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research.
B) Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research.
C) IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.
D) IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

A) It prevents researchers from being sued.
B) It allows researchers to make research an educational experience.
C) It gives participants insight into the nature of psychological science.
D) It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

Question 29

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as .

A) an IACUC
B) an AIRB
C) an AWA
D) an IRB

Question 30

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

A) Refinement
B) Reduction
C) Replacement
D) Recycling

Question 31

Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent?

A) An observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings
B) An anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries
C) A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior
D) An anonymous survey asking whether students want a coffeehouse opened in the library

Question 32

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?

A) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.
B) Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants.
C) Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants.
D) Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

Question 33

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have principles and standards.

A) 3; 10
B) 3; 8
C) 3; 5
D) 5; 10

Question 34

Ethical decision making done by researchers can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) bad experiences of other researchers.
B) the possibility of additional grant funding.
C) changing social norms.
D) scientific discoveries.

Question 35

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

A) Principle of beneficence
B) Principle of integrity
C) Principle of respect for persons
D) Principle of justice

Question 36

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT:

A) IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities.
B) IRBs are mandated by federal law.
C) IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.
D) IRBs must have at least five members.

Question 37

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?

A) Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.
B) Animal research requires less research funding than human research.
C) Animal research is less likely to result in physical harm to the subject compared to human research.
D) Animal research has not had the same types of scandals that human research has had (e.g., the Tuskegee Study).

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data?

A) They feel pressure to publish findings.
B) They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses.
C) Research success has implications for promotion within their department.
D) A journal might require it.

Question 39

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

A) The principle of justice
B) The principle of respect for persons
C) The principle of beneficence
D) The principle of integrity

Question 40

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT:

A) an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed.
B) an anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees.
C) a confidential study examining eating patterns in newborns.
D) a confidential survey examining sexual behavior in mentally handicapped individuals.

Question 41

Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone.What does this mean?

A) Researchers must conduct research with other researchers.
B) Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants.
C) Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study.
D) Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

Question 42

Explain why the Belmont principle of respect for persons requires participants to provide informed consent.

Question 43

Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements?

A) Because APA guidelines require debriefing in all studies regardless of deception
B) To ensure that his participants had a good research experience
C) To prevent participants from having negative experiences during the study
D) To decrease the likelihood of data falsification

Question 44

RESEARCH STUDY 4.2: Dr.Van Ryan is a social psychologist who is curious about how clothing affects people's perceptions.Specifically, she is curious how women who wear high heels are perceived in the workplace.Does the addition of height make co-workers take them more seriously? Are women who wear high heels seen as less professional? She is considering using an experimental design where some participants are instructed to wear high heels to work for a week and some participants are instructed to wear flat shoes.Each day of the week, Dr.Van Ryan will have the women's employer and co-workers rate how competent and professional the female participant is.
What is the principle of justice? Explain how the principle of justice needs to be addressed by Dr.Van Ryan as she considers conducting her study.

Question 45

State the five ethical principles proposed by the APA.How do these principles differ from the Belmont principles?

Question 46

What is the primary responsibility of an institutional review board (IRB), where are IRBs found, and who sits on such a board?

Question 47

Dr.Johnson is planning on conducting a study in which he observes the ways people approach each other in bars.He plans to sit at a local bar and listen to the ways men introduce themselves to women and the ways women introduce themselves to men.To avoid detection, he plans to sit at the bar and write down the information he collects on cocktail napkins.Dr.Johnson concludes that he does not need to have participants sign a written informed consent.Explain the concept of informed consent and why Dr.Johnson does not need to collect informed consent in this study.

Question 48

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?

A) A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.
B) A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present.
C) A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes.
D) A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.

Question 49

The principle of justice calls for a balance between and .

A) costs to the participant; benefits to the participant
B) needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent
C) the interests of the researcher; the interests of the institutional review board (IRB)
D) the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

Question 50

RESEARCH STUDY 4.2: Dr.Van Ryan is a social psychologist who is curious about how clothing affects people's perceptions.Specifically, she is curious how women who wear high heels are perceived in the workplace.Does the addition of height make co-workers take them more seriously? Are women who wear high heels seen as less professional? She is considering using an experimental design where some participants are instructed to wear high heels to work for a week and some participants are instructed to wear flat shoes.Each day of the week, Dr.Van Ryan will have the women's employer and co-workers rate how competent and professional the female participant is.
What is the principle of beneficence? Explain how the principle of beneficence needs to be addressed by Dr.Van Ryan as she considers conducting her study.

Question 51

Ethical decision making should be:

A) as easy as a yes-no decision.
B) based only on what is good for society.
C) a thoughtful balance.
D) determined by experts, like lawyers.

Question 52

RESEARCH STUDY 4.2: Dr.Van Ryan is a social psychologist who is curious about how clothing affects people's perceptions.Specifically, she is curious how women who wear high heels are perceived in the workplace.Does the addition of height make co-workers take them more seriously? Are women who wear high heels seen as less professional? She is considering using an experimental design where some participants are instructed to wear high heels to work for a week and some participants are instructed to wear flat shoes.Each day of the week, Dr.Van Ryan will have the women's employer and co-workers rate how competent and professional the female participant is.
After Dr.Van Ryan conducts her study, a colleague accuses Dr.Van Ryan of deleting some of the data that does not match her hypothesis.If this is true, in what type of research misconduct did Dr.Van Ryan engage? Why is this behavior a problem for the science in general?

Question 53

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

A) The principle of beneficence
B) The principle of justice
C) The principle of integrity
D) The principle of respect for persons

Question 54

What are the two issues that need to be balanced in conducting ethical research?

Question 55

State the three principles of the Belmont Report and explain how the Tuskegee Study violated each of them.

Question 56

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study only participants from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women?

A) If the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)
B) If the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women)
C) If the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)
D) It is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied.

Question 57

Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)?

A) It is unfair to other researchers who cannot afford to pay participants.
B) It unduly influences people into participating.
C) It is unfair to people who choose not to participate in the study.
D) It is not unethical to do this.

Question 58

RESEARCH STUDY 4.2: Dr.Van Ryan is a social psychologist who is curious about how clothing affects people's perceptions.Specifically, she is curious how women who wear high heels are perceived in the workplace.Does the addition of height make co-workers take them more seriously? Are women who wear high heels seen as less professional? She is considering using an experimental design where some participants are instructed to wear high heels to work for a week and some participants are instructed to wear flat shoes.Each day of the week, Dr.Van Ryan will have the women's employer and co-workers rate how competent and professional the female participant is.
Which of the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines is most important to psychologists conducting research? Name two components of this standard that Dr.Van Ryan must consider as she plans her study.

Question 59

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?

A) Neither group of participants can provide informed consent.
B) Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants.
C) Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.
D) Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants.

Question 60

Dr.Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs.Dr.Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr.Smitherman's response?

A) There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.
B) He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study.
C) Public opinion about that type of research has changed.
D) New findings have made such research less beneficial.

Question 61

Explain the difference between deception through omission and deception through commission in a research study.Why would a researcher want to deceive his/her participants? Why should researchers be careful about using deception?

Question 62

What is plagiarism? Explain why plagiarism is an ethical violation.

Question 63

What are the three primary arguments provided in favor of animal research?

Question 64

What is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)? Name one way it is similar to an institutional review board (IRB) and one way it differs from an IRB.

Question 65

Under what conditions is debriefing necessary? What should be included in a debriefing?