Deck 6: Introduction to the Skeletal System

Question 1

Which of these bone types is roughly cube shaped and is nearly equal in length and width?

A) long
B) flat
C) short
D) sesamoid
E) irregular

Answer 1

C

Question 2

This is the shaft of a long bone.

A) diaphysis
B) epiphysis
C) metaphysis
D) periosteum
E) marrow

Answer 2

A

Question 3

This is a structure of a long bone that contains adipocytes that store nutrients.

A) diaphysis
B) epiphysis
C) metaphysis
D) periosteum
E) yellow marrow

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following bones originates from a cluster of mesenchymal cells?

A) sternum
B) temporal bone
C) femur
D) cervical vertebrae
E) humerus

Question 5

Which of these is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the region of the epiphysis where the bone articulates?

A) metaphysic
B) articular cartilage
C) endosteum
D) periosteum
E) epiphysis

Question 6

Which type of bone is the femur?

A) long bone
B) short bone
C) flat bone
D) irregular bone
E) sesamoid bone

Question 7

Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for breaking down osseous (bony) matrix?

A) osteoblast
B) osteocyte
C) chondroclast
D) osteoclast
E) chondrocyte

Question 8

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in the joint.

A) periosteum
B) distal epiphysis
C) nutrient foramen
D) articular cartilage
E) epiphyseal plate

Question 9

Which type of bone is the scapula?

A) long bone
B) short bone
C) flat bone
D) irregular bone
E) sesamoid bone

Question 10

The epiphyseal plate of a long bone is made of which of these types of tissue?

A) elastic cartilage
B) hyaline cartilage
C) fibrocartilage
D) dense fibrous connective tissue
E) loose areolar connective tissue

Question 11

This is the region of a long bone that articulates with other bones.

A) diaphysis
B) epiphysis
C) metaphysis
D) endosteum
E) marrow

Question 12

Spongy bone lacks ___.

A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) osteocytes
D) osteons
E) blood

Question 13

This is the region in mature bone where the diaphysis and the epiphysis join.

A) endosteum
B) periosteum
C) metaphysis
D) diaphyseal line
E) diaphyseal plate

Question 14

What is the basic unit of compact bone tissue?

A) osteon
B) stroma
C) lamellae
D) chromosome
E) lacunae

Question 15

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length.

A) periosteum
B) distal epiphysis
C) nutrient foramen
D) articular cartilage
E) epiphyseal plate

Question 16

Which of these is a thin membrane lining the internal bone surface that is facing the medullary cavity?

A) endosteum
B) epiphysis
C) metaphysis
D) periosteum
E) articular cartilage

Question 17

Which of these bone types is generally thin, providing protection and extensive surface area for muscle attachment?

A) long
B) flat
C) short
D) sesamoid
E) irregular

Question 18

List and briefly describe the six main functions of the skeletal system.

Question 19

Which of these is a tough connective tissue sheath that surrounds any bone surface that is not covered by articular cartilage?

A) metaphysis
B) diaphysis
C) periosteum
D) endosteum
E) epiphysis

Question 20

Which of these is FALSE regarding sesamoid bones?

A) Sesamoid bones develop in particular tendons where there is friction and tension.
B) Sesamoid bones can change the direction the tendon pulls to increase the mechanical advantage at the joint.
C) The elbow and knee are the only locations where sesamoid bones develop.
D) Sesamoid bones vary in number from person to person.
E) The two largest sesamoid bones are the patellae; most of the sesamoid bones are only millimeters in diameter.

Question 21

These are extensions of the lacunae and are filled with extracellular fluid.

A) perforating or volkmann's canals
B) central or haversian canals
C) osteons
D) canaliculi
E) periosteum

Question 22

The average renewal rate for compact bone tissue in a healthy individual is ___.

A) 4% per year
B) 15% per year
C) 20% per year
D) 25% per year
E) there is no way to measure

Question 23

Fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or during growth are the ___ lamellae.

A) interstitial
B) circumferential
C) perpendicular
D) Tangential
E) concentric

Question 24

Remodeling of bones has certain advantages. Which of these is NOT true?

A) Injured bone can be healed by replacing the damaged tissue.
B) New osseous tissue is stronger and less brittle than old osseous tissue.
C) Bone extracellular matrix is redistributed along the lines of stress.
D) Shape is altered to make the bone strong where there is greatest need.
E) Exercise and heavier loads on a bone lead to thinner but stronger osseous tissue.

Question 25

Which of these is an attachment point for ligaments and tendons?

A) diaphysis
B) metaphysis
C) epiphysis
D) endosteum
E) periosteum

Question 26

These are considered bone-dissolving cells.

A) osteogenic
B) osteoclast
C) oscteocytes
D) osteoblasts
E) all of these choices

Question 27

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Osseous tissue gets its "hardness" and ability to withstand compressive forces from the crystallized inorganic mineral salts located in the matrix.
B) Spongy bone does not have osteons, nor does it have lamellae, lacunae, or an osteocyte population.
C) Collagen fibers provide the ability to withstand tensile forces and are found in the osseous matrix, giving bone its flexibility.
D) The periosteum is a tough sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone's surface wherever it is not covered with articular cartilage.
E) Compact bone is characterized by osteons, structures that consist of a central canal, concentric lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes and canaliculi.

Question 28

This tissue associated with bone promotes bone growth in width.

A) periosteum
B) endosteum
C) marrow
D) epiphysis
E) metaphysis

Question 29

Secretion of sex hormones, such as testoterone and estrogens, at puberty ___.

A) increase the activity of osteoclasts and increase synthesis of extracellular matrix
B) decrease osteoblast activity and synthesis of extracellular matrix
C) increase osteoblast activity and synthesis of extracellular matrix
D) convert epiphyseal lines to epiphyseal plates in long bones
E) do none of these choices

Question 30

Which of the following structures contains osteocytes?

A) central or haversian canals
B) perforating or volkmann's canals
C) lamellae
D) lacunae
E) canaliculi

Question 31

Which of the following is best described as an irregular bone?

A) a cervical vertebra
B) femur
C) humerus
D) talus (a tarsal bone)
E) sternum

Question 32

Put the bones cells in order of their maturation from unspecialized to specialized.

A) osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
B) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells
C) osteogenic cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts
D) osteoclasts, osteogenic cells, osteocytes
E) osteogenic cells, osteoclasts, osteocytes

Question 33

These are considered bone-building cells.

A) osteogenic
B) osteoclast
C) oscteocytes
D) osteoblasts
E) all of these choices

Question 34

Which hormone promotes bone resorption?

A) calcitriol
B) calcitonin
C) human growth hormone
D) parathyroid hormone
E) insulin

Question 35

During adulthood, which of the following does NOT contribute to bone remodeling and growth?

A) calcium
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin K
D) sex hormones
E) weight bearing exercise

Question 36

The correct sequence of processes that occur during bone elongation at the epiphyseal plate are ___.

A) calcification, resting, proliferation, hypertrophication
B) resting, proliferation, calcification, hypertrophication
C) proliferation, resting, hypertrophication, calcification
D) resting, proliferation, hypertrophication, calcification
E) hypertrophication, calcification, proliferation, resting

Question 37

Bone remodeling ___.

A) occurs throughout life
B) involves bone resorption
C) involves bone deposition
D) occurs at different rates at different locations
E) all of these choices

Question 38

Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned ___.

A) horizontal to the metaphysis
B) parallel to the epiphysis
C) along lines of stress
D) randomly between the epiphyseal plates
E) parallel to blood vessels

Question 39

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The proximal and distal diaphyses are sites where red bone marrow can be found in adults.
B) Articular cartilage is composed of elastic cartilage.
C) The extracellular matrix of bone has no collagen fibers.
D) Spongy bone is characterized by the presence of osteons.
E) Bony tissue gets its flexibility from mineral salts in the extracellular matrix.

Question 40

Which of the following minerals is needed when bones are growing?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) magnesium
D) fluoride
E) all of these choices

Question 41

Put the following steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order:
1) formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
2) development of cartilage model
3) growth of cartilage model
4) development of secondary ossification center
5) development of medullary cavity
6) development of primary ossification center

A) 2, 3, 6, 5, 4, 1
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C) 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1
D) 2, 6, 4, 3, 1, 5
E) 6, 1, 4, 5, 2, 3

Question 42

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The zone of hypertrophic cartilage consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns.
B) The zone of resting cartilage is the nearest to the epiphysis and consists of small, scattered chondrocytes.
C) Growth in length requires growth of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, and the replacement of cartilage with bone on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
D) The zone of proliferating cartilage contains chondrocytes arranged like stacks of coins.
E) The zone of calcified cartilage is only a few cells thick and consists mostly of dead chondrocytes because the matrix has calcified.

Question 43

Where in the diagram is the metaphysis?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 44

Which of these statements about collagen in the bone extracellular matrix (ECM) is FALSE?

A) Collagen fibers contribute to the tensile strength of the bone.
B) Collagen fibers are responsible for the hardness of the bone.
C) Collagen fibers make up approximately 30% of the bone ECM.
D) The flexibility of a bone depends on collagen fibers.
E) Collagen fibers can be compared to the metal reinforcing rods in concrete structures.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A) the metaphysis is highly vascular.
B) spongy bone is characterized by osteons.
C) compact bone is characterized by trabeculae.
D) the periosteum is made of loose areolar connective tissue.
E) the endosteum is not an active site of bone resorption.

Question 46

Which of the following is best described as a short bone?

A) parietal bone
B) femur
C) humerus
D) talus (a tarsal bone)
E) sternum

Question 47

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The clavicle is the last bone to cease growth.
B) If a bone fractures at the epiphyseal line, it may end up shorter than normal.
C) Cartilage takes much longer to heal than bone.
D) Bone is highly vascular.
E) Closure of the epiphyseal plate can be used to determine age at death from skeletal remains.

Question 48

Ossification, the formation of bone, primarily occurs ___.

A) during the initial creation of bones before birth
B) as a child grows to adult size
C) during remodeling and repair
D) during all of these times: as bones form before birth, during growth to adult size, and during remodeling and repair
E) none of these choices describe the time when ossification occurs

Question 49

Most of the bones located within ankles or wrists can be classified as ___.

A) long bones
B) sutural bones
C) irregular bones
D) sesamoid bones
E) short bones

Question 50

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are found traveling through all of the following structures EXCEPT:

A) perforating or Volkmann's canals
B) central or haversian canals
C) nutrient foramina
D) canaliculi
E) none of these choices

Question 51

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Osteogenic cells are found in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bones that house blood vessels.
B) Calcification occurs when enough mineral salts are deposited into lacunae to form crystals.
C) Osteoclasts are large cells that release lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of osseous matrix.
D) Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and initiate calcification.
E) Osteocytes do not undergo cell division.

Question 52

Which of the following is best described as a flat bone?

A) a cervical vertebra
B) femur
C) humerus
D) talus (a tarsal bone)
E) sternum

Question 53

Which of the following structures are NOT part of an osteon?

A) canaliculi
B) lamellae
C) osteocytes
D) lacunae
E) trabeculae

Question 54

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

A) The patellae are the largest of what are called sesamoid bones, which develop within tendons.
B) Bones are not classified according to their shape.
C) Irregular bones include the temporal and frontal bones.
D) Short bones include the bones of the forearm, the radius and ulna.
E) Long bones are extremely straight so that they can absorb stress.

Question 55

The cranial bones undergo ___.

A) intramembranous ossification, where cartilage is replaced with bone
B) intramembranous ossification, where fibrous tissue is replaced with bone
C) endochondral ossification, where cartilage is replaced with bone
D) endochondral ossification, where fibrous tissue is replaced with bone
E) none of these choices

Question 56

Where in the diagram is the distal epiphysis?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 57

Where in the diagram can you find the medullary cavity?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT made of dense irregular connective tissue?

A) periosteum
B) perichondrium
C) fibrous portion of an articular capsule
D) reticular layer of the dermis
E) yellow marrow

Question 59

The skeletal system ___.

A) provides attachment points for skeletal muscle
B) stores and releases minerals such as calcium
C) is a site of hematopoeisis (blood cell formation)
D) stores triglycerides in yellow marrow
E) all of these choices

Question 60

Where in the diagram can you find red bone marrow in an adult?

A) A and B
B) B and D
C) A and C
D) D
E) E

Question 61

In the diagram, where is the nutrient artery?

A) D
B) E
C) F
D) G
E) H

Question 62

In the diagram, which bone is the flat bone?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 63

Briefly describe what is happening in each of the stages below.

Question 64

Briefly describe the steps in intramembranous ossification.

Question 65

Where in the diagram is the place that contains bone-forming cells?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 66

In the diagram, where is the osteon?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 67

In the diagram, where is the epiphyseal vein?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 68

In the diagram, where is the zone of hypertrophic cartilage?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 69

Describe the major differences between compact and spongy bone.

Question 70

In the diagram, where is the zone of resting cartilage?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 71

In the diagram, where is the central or haversian canal?

A) C
B) A
C) E
D) F
E) D

Question 72

In the diagram, which bone is the short bone?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 73

Briefly describe the steps in bone deposition.

Question 74

Briefly describe the steps in endochondral ossification.

Question 75

In the diagram, this zone contains dead chondrocytes with a calcified matrix.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 76

In the diagram, where is the metaphyseal artery?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 77

List and briefly describe the six main functions of the skeletal system.

Question 78

Name and describe the major arteries found in bone.

Question 79

In the diagram, where are the trabeculae?

A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E
E) F

Question 80

In the diagram, where is the perforating or Volkmann's canal?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E
E) F