Deck 24: Urinary System

Question 1

The kidneys make the final enzyme for synthesis of the hormone ________, which causes increased calcium absorption in the small intestine.

Answer 1

calcitriol

Question 2

The fibrous capsule of the kidney is composed of

A) dense irregular connective tissue.
B) adipose connective tissue.
C) reticular connective tissue.
D) smooth muscle fibers.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which is not a function of the kidneys?

A) Regulation of blood pressure
B) Removal of wastes from the blood
C) Regulation of erythrocyte production
D) Regulation of lymphocyte production
E) Regulation of acid-base balance

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The kidneys are located ________ the peritoneum.

A) within
B) anterior to
C) posterior to

Question 5

During prolonged fasting, the kidneys produce glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

Question 6

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?

A) Major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis
B) Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor pelvis
C) Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
D) Major pelvis, minor calyx, renal pelvis
E) Major calyx, renal pelvis, minor calyx

Question 7

Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney?

A) Parasympathetic innervation is from the vagus nerve.
B) The kidney is served by the renal plexus.
C) Sympathetic innervation is from segments T10-T12 of the spinal cord.
D) Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels.
E) Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

Question 8

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?

A) Bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter
B) Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
C) Kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter
D) Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
E) Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter

Question 9

The average adult kidney weighs about 100 grams and measures about

A) 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.
B) 8 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 1.5 cm thick.
C) 15 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick.
D) 8 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.
E) 12 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 cm thick.

Question 10

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the

A) fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
B) renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
C) renal fascia, paranephric fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat.
D) renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, paranephric fat.
E) fibrous capsule, paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat.

Question 11

The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the

A) renal capsule.
B) minor calyx.
C) renal pelvis.
D) renal sinus.
E) renal cortex.

Question 12

In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete ________.

A) calcium; renin
B) oxygen; erythropoietin
C) sodium; calcitriol
D) potassium; erythropoietin
E) glucose; calcitriol

Question 13

Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?

A) Renal cortex
B) Renal sinus
C) Renal pelvis
D) Renal medulla
E) Renal papilla

Question 14

In order to accommodate the large liver,

A) the left kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the right kidney.
B) the right kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the left kidney.

Question 15

An adult human kidney typically contains ________ renal pyramid(s).

A) 2 to 5
B) 8 to 15
C) 16 to 24
D) 1
E) 30 to 40

Question 16

The paranephric fat is deep to the fibrous capsule of the kidney.

Question 17

The concave medial border of the kidney is called the ________.

Question 18

Extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla (and subdivide it) are known as the renal ________.

Question 19

The ________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

A) ureters
B) urethras
C) vas deferens and uterine tubes
D) efferent arteries

Question 20

Autonomic innervation of the kidney includes

A) Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T1-T2.
B) Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T10-T12.
C) Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T1-T2.
D) Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T10-T12.

Question 21

Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme

A) angiotensinogen.
B) antidiuretic hormone.
C) renin.
D) calcitriol.

Question 22

The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the

A) Bowman.
B) convoluted capillary bed.
C) glomerular capsule.
D) glomerulus.
E) nephron.

Question 23

Type A and Type B cells of kidney tubules are types of principal cells.

Question 24

The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with a

A) cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area.
B) simple columnar epithelium with a slick smooth surface.
C) stratified squamous epithelium with a large surface area.
D) stratified squamous epithelium with a tough, durable surface.
E) simple squamous endothelium that makes a slick surface.

Question 25

Both the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule reside in the cortex of the kidney.

Question 26

Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to

A) contract.
B) relax.
C) release calcitriol.
D) increase endocytosis.

Question 27

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?

A) One collecting duct drains into one nephron, and one nephron drains into one collecting tubule.
B) One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.
C) One nephron drains into one collecting duct, and several collecting ducts empty into a collecting tubule.
D) One collecting tubule drains into one nephron, and several nephrons drain into one collecting duct.
E) One nephron drains into several collecting tubules, and all tubules eventually lead to one collecting duct.

Question 28

The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the

A) principal cells and macula densa.
B) granular cells and macula densa.
C) granular cells and intercalated cells.
D) intercalated cells and principal cells.
E) principal cells and granular cells.

Question 29

Collecting ducts are larger than collecting tubules.

Question 30

Which is not correct regarding nephrons?

A) The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
B) The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule.
C) The nephron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney.
D) Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons.
E) The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

Question 31

Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the ________ edge of the cortex and are the ________ common type of nephron.

A) deeper; more
B) deeper; less
C) peripheral; more
D) peripheral; less

Question 32

Which type of distal cell within kidney tubules and collecting ducts are responsive to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone?

A) Type A cells
B) Type B cells
C) Principal cells
D) Intercalated endocrine cells

Question 33

The tubular pole of the renal corpuscle is where afferent and efferent arterioles attach to the glomerulus.

Question 34

Sympathetic axons innervate the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidneys.

Question 35

Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated?

A) Intercalated nephrons
B) Juxtamedullary nephrons
C) Adrenal nephrons
D) Cortical nephrons

Question 36

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located

A) within the renal sinus.
B) in the renal papilla.
C) in the perinephric fat.
D) inside the tubular pole of the glomerulus.
E) near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

Question 37

The glomerulus is part of the renal tubule.

Question 38

The renal corpuscle is located within the

A) collecting duct.
B) renal medulla.
C) renal cortex.
D) renal pelvis.

Question 39

Pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the

A) autonomic pathways to the inferior pelvic organs.
B) sympathetic pathways to the T11-L2 dermatomes.
C) somatic pathways to the left shoulder.
D) parasympathetic pathways to the T1-T2 dermatomes.

Question 40

The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ________ and its ________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule.

A) cortex; ascending
B) cortex; descending
C) medulla; ascending
D) medulla; descending

Question 41

Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop is called

A) plasma.
B) tubular fluid.
C) filtrate.
D) urine.

Question 42

Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation.
A: Capsular space of glomerulus
B: Nephron loop
C: Collecting duct
D: Distal convoluted tubule
E: Proximal convoluted tubule

A) a, c, b, e, d
B) e, d, b, a, c
C) b, e, c, d, a
D) b, d, c, e, a
E) a, e, b, d, c

Question 43

Macula densa cells signal granular cells to release renin through paracrine stimulation.

Question 44

Upon leaving the renal pelvis, urine passes directly into a ureter.

Question 45

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of

A) glucose in the blood.
B) antidiuretic hormone in the urine.
C) sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
D) calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E) aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.

Question 46

The pattern of venous drainage in the kidney differs from the arterial supply in that there are no arcuate or segmental veins.

Question 47

An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the

A) renal artery.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) distal convoluted tubule.
E) afferent arteriole.

Question 48

Urine passes from the renal papilla into a

A) major calyx, then to a minor calyx, then to a ureter.
B) minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.
C) ureter, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.
D) renal pelvis, then to a major calyx, then to a ureter.
E) collecting duct, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.

Question 49

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they

A) carry only deoxygenated blood.
B) drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.
C) contain no endothelium.
D) absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule.
E) secrete mucus.

Question 50

Fluid contained within a minor calyx is called urine.

Question 51

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?

A) They both involve movement of material from the blood into the tubular fluid.
B) Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood.
C) Materials move in opposite directions: secretion moves materials into the blood, whereas reabsorption removes them from the blood.
D) They both involve movement of material from the tubular fluid into the blood.

Question 52

The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called

A) filtration.
B) tubular reabsorption.
C) tubular secretion.
D) fenestration.
E) titration.

Question 53

In the process of urine formation, first

A) filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.
B) tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine.

Question 54

As it is leaving the kidney, blood passes directly from the arcuate vein to the

A) renal vein.
B) vasa recta.
C) segmental vein.
D) interlobar vein.
E) interlobular vein.

Question 55

The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of ________ capillaries.

A) fenestrated
B) continuous

Question 56

Passive movement of water and solutes from the plasma to the capsular space of kidney corpuscles is a process known as ________.

Question 57

Which is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the kidney and moved toward a glomerulus?

A) Segmental artery - interlobar artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
B) Interlobar artery - segmental artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
C) Renal artery - interlobar artery - segmental artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
D) Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
E) Arcuate artery - interlobular artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - renal artery

Question 58

Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the

A) arcuate arteries.
B) interlobular arteries.
C) segmental arteries.
D) lobar arteries.
E) peritubular arteries.

Question 59

Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule?

A) Filtration only
B) Secretion only
C) Reabsorption only
D) Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
E) Secretion and reabsorption only

Question 60

Peritubular capillaries are associated with the convoluted tubules, while vasa recta are associated with the nephron loop.

Question 61

Tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic response are both components of renal autoregulation.

Question 62

The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to

A) push fluid across the filtration membrane.
B) draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

Question 63

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and ________, and it restricts the passage of ________.

A) phospholipids; plasma ions
B) phospholipids; plasma proteins
C) proteoglycans; plasma ions
D) proteoglycans; plasma proteins

Question 64

If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would you expect the glomerular filtration rate to change?

A) Increase
B) Decrease
C) No change

Question 65

Water and glucose are freely filtered through the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle.

Question 66

The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are

A) mmHg.
B) mmHg per minute.
C) liters.
D) liters per minute.

Question 67

Net filtration pressure is equal to the

A) capsular hydrostatic pressure plus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure.
C) capsular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
D) blood colloid osmotic pressure minus the capsular hydrostatic pressure.
E) glomerular hydrostatic pressure plus blood colloid osmotic pressure minus capsular hydrostatic pressure.

Question 68

Increases in NFP result in increases in GFR.

Question 69

Increases in the levels of plasma proteins result in increases in net filtration pressure.

Question 70

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of

A) blood in the nephron capsule.
B) tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule.
C) blood in the glomerular capillaries.
D) filtrate in the glomerular capillaries.
E) solutes in the tubular fluid.

Question 71

The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally ________ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure ________ the formation of additional filtrate.

A) larger; facilitate
B) larger; impede
C) smaller; facilitate
D) smaller; impede

Question 72

The myogenic response that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidney is an ________ control of GFR.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic

Question 73

Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are

A) moved across the filtration membrane by active transport pumps.
B) attracted by the positive charge of the filtration membrane.
C) repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane.
D) engulfed by endocytosis and reabsorbed at the filtration membrane.

Question 74

Large proteins and red blood cells normally pass freely through the filtration membrane.

Question 75

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is ________ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of ________ arterioles.

A) higher; afferent
B) higher; efferent
C) lower; afferent
D) lower; efferent

Question 76

Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by

A) secreting emulsifying agents that dissolve trapped particles.
B) engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane.
C) opening larger pores in the membrane so that trapped particles move across.
D) secreting antibodies that attack the molecules caught in the endothelium.

Question 77

Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the

A) basement membrane of the glomerulus.
B) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
C) periphery of the distal convoluted tubule.
D) endothelium of the glomerulus.

Question 78

Blood colloid osmotic pressure opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Question 79

Increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure result in increases in net filtration pressure.

Question 80

Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered ________ controls.

A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic