Deck 7: Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function

Question 1

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for

A) calcium, phosphate, and lipids.
B) steroids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates.
C) glycogen, nitrogenous bases, and calcium.
D) phosphate, glycogen, and nonpolar amino acids.
E) calcium, complex carbohydrates, and polar amino acids.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which is an alternate term for compact bone?

A) Cancellous bone
B) Trabecular bone
C) Spongy bone
D) Diploe
E) Cortical bone

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The bones of the wrist are classified as ________ bones.

A) long
B) regular
C) short
D) irregular
E) flat

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

A) Epiphyseal line
B) Endosteum
C) Red bone marrow
D) Yellow bone marrow
E) Nutrient foramina

Question 5

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

A) Site of bone elongation and growth
B) Provides passageway for blood vessels
C) Forms articular surface
D) Supports soft tissues
E) Provides flexibility for bending

Question 6

Blood vessels enter the diaphysis of a long bone through an opening called the ________ foramen.

Question 7

An example of a flat bone would be the

A) femur (of thigh).
B) radius (of forearm).
C) trapezoid (of wrist).
D) sternum (breast bone).
E) calcaneus (heel).

Question 8

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called ________ fibers.

A) transverse
B) perforating
C) penetrating
D) connecting
E) cementing

Question 9

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

A) Hyaline cartilage
B) Fibrocartilage
C) Reticular cartilage
D) Articular cartilage
E) Elastic cartilage

Question 10

Which is not a function of bone?

A) Protection
B) Mineral storage
C) Body movement
D) Hormone synthesis
E) Hemopoiesis

Question 11

Neither short nor flat bones contain a medullary cavity.

Question 12

The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

Question 13

Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

A) Short bones
B) Long bones
C) Flat bones
D) Irregular bones
E) Regular bones

Question 14

Which is a sesamoid bone?

A) Patella
B) Cuboid
C) Talus
D) Sphenoid
E) Scaphoid

Question 15

Which is false regarding the periosteum?

A) It includes two layers: outer fibrous and inner cellular.
B) It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.
C) It provides stem cells for bone growth and repair.
D) It is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers.
E) It covers the entire bone surface, with the exception of articular areas.

Question 16

The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are categorized as _____ bones.

A) long
B) irregular
C) short
D) flat
E) sesamoid

Question 17

The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the

A) distal diaphysis.
B) proximal epiphysis.
C) distal epiphysis.
D) superior diaphysis

Question 18

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?

A) Distal epiphysis
B) Proximal epiphysis
C) Metaphysis
D) Diaphysis
E) Periphysis

Question 19

What is the incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity?

A) Diaphysis
B) Epiphysis
C) Endosteum
D) Periosteum
E) Trabecula

Question 20

Flat bones

A) protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved.
B) have elaborate shapes, and sometimes resemble sesame seeds.
C) include the bones of the wrist that glide across each other.
D) are, by definition, not at all curved.
E) have a diaphysis and an epiphysis.

Question 21

Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of

A) yellow marrow to red marrow.
B) red marrow to yellow marrow.
C) spongy bone to compact bone.
D) bone marrow to spongy bone.

Question 22

In adults, the medullary cavities of most long bones contain red marrow.

Question 23

An osteoclast has a ruffled border and multiple nuclei.

Question 24

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

A) Gravity
B) Mechanical stress
C) Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels
D) Blood calcium level
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 25

What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon?

A) Canaliculi
B) Concentric lamellae
C) Circumferential lamellae
D) Perforating canals
E) Interstitial lamellae

Question 26

Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage.
A: New matrix is produced and secreted.
B: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna.
C: Stem cells undergo mitosis.
D: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.

A) c. - d. - a. - b.
B) d. - c. - b. - a.
C) c. - d. - b. - a.
D) a. - c. - b. - d.
E) a. - c. - d. - b.

Question 27

Bone cells called ________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix.

A) osteoprogenitor cells
B) osteoid cells
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts
E) osteoblasts

Question 28

As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,

A) osteoblasts become osteocytes.
B) osteogenic progenitors become osteoclasts.
C) osteoblasts become osteoclasts.
D) osteoclasts become osteocytes.

Question 29

Describe the stimulus for bone resorption and how resorption is carried out at the cellular and chemical levels.

Question 30

The spongy bone found within a flat bone is called ________.

Question 31

If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled?

A) Distal head of femur
B) Os coxa
C) Phalanges
D) Distal humerus

Question 32

Osteoid is the

A) organic part of the bone matrix that gives it rigidity.
B) organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.
C) inorganic part of the bone matrix that gives it rigidity.
D) inorganic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.

Question 33

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the

A) chondrocytes.
B) osteocytes.
C) fibroblasts.
D) chondroblasts.
E) osteoblasts.

Question 34

Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ________ and occurs in the ________ region of the cartilage.

A) length; internal
B) length; peripheral
C) width; internal
D) width; peripheral

Question 35

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

A) The bone will dissolve completely.
B) The compact bone will dissolve, leaving only the inner spongy bone.
C) The bone will become extremely brittle.
D) The bone will become soft and bendable.
E) The spongy bone will dissolve, leaving only the outer compact bone.

Question 36

Bone is ________ and contains mainly ________ nerves.

A) avascular; sensory
B) avascular; motor
C) highly vascularized; sensory
D) highly vascularized; motor

Question 37

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?

A) Osteocytes
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteoblasts
D) Osteoprogenitor cells
E) Bone-lining cells

Question 38

What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

A) There would be no effect, because the body is able to synthesize calcium.
B) The matrix would be softer.
C) The bone would be less flexible.
D) The epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development.
E) There would be increased formation of spongy bone.

Question 39

What gives bone its flexibility?

A) Inorganic salts
B) Yellow bone marrow
C) Collagen fibers
D) Trabeculae
E) Elastic fibers

Question 40

What helps bone resist compression?

A) Yellow bone marrow
B) Reticular fibers
C) Inorganic salts
D) Red bone marrow
E) Endosteum

Question 41

The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed

A) mesenchymal ossification.
B) intramembranous ossification.
C) bone remodeling.
D) orthodontia.
E) endochondral ossification.

Question 42

Which is characteristic of cartilage connective tissue?

A) Gel-like ground substance
B) Matrix of protein fibers
C) Cells called chondrocytes
D) Avascular
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 43

In compact bone, ________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

A) osteonic canals
B) blood vessels
C) lamellae
D) canaliculi
E) perforating canals

Question 44

Within which zone of the epiphyseal plate do cartilage cells undergo mitosis?

A) The zone closest to the medullary cavity
B) The zone closest to the epiphysis
C) The second closest bone to the medullary cavity
D) The second closest zone to the epiphysis

Question 45

Mature cartilage is avascular.

Question 46

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are
A: Calcified cartilage
B: Hypertrophic cartilage
C: Ossification
D: Resting cartilage
E: Proliferating cartilage
The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is

A) c - a - b - e - d
B) d - b - e - a - c
C) e - d - a - c - b
D) c - d - e - a - b
E) d - e - b - a - c

Question 47

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are
A: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
B: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms.
C: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses.
D: Bone replaces cartilage.
E: Epiphyseal plates ossify.
F: Cartilage model develops.
The correct chronological order for these steps is

A) f. - b. - c. - d. - a. - e.
B) b. - c. - f. - a. - e. - d.
C) a. - c. - b. - d. - e. - f.
D) f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e.
E) a. - e. - c. - d. - b. - f.

Question 48

Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this?

A) Osteon
B) Periosteum
C) Spongy bone
D) Epiphyseal plate
E) Compact bone

Question 49

During the process of endochondral ossification, chondrocytes in the cartilage model die. Why does this occur?

A) Blood supply to the cartilage is cut off by the developing periosteum.
B) Canaliculi connecting adjacent chondrocyte lacunae fuse.
C) Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.
D) The developing bone collar secretes enzymes that destroy the chondrocytes.
E) Phagocytic osteoclasts in the new bone engulf and destroy the chondrocytes.

Question 50

Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are formed by intramembranous ossification.

Question 51

Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?

A) Zygomatic
B) Radius
C) Axis
D) Hamate
E) First metatarsal

Question 52

When during human development does the process of ossification begin?

A) 12 weeks after birth
B) 12th-13th week of embryonic development
C) 8th-9th month of fetal development
D) 3-4 months of age
E) 10-25 years of age

Question 53

Compact bone

A) is located deep to spongy bone in the diaphysis.
B) is composed of tubular units called osteons.
C) has a brace-like arrangement of trabeculae.
D) is avascular.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 54

Spongy bone

A) contains no osteocytes.
B) has spaces filled with yellow marrow.
C) is composed of tubular units called osteons.
D) forms diploe in the cranial bones.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 55

Hyaline cartilage contains a ________ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ________.

A) low; lacunae
B) low; canaliculi
C) high; lacunae
D) high; canaliculi

Question 56

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

A) Its spaces hold red bone marrow.
B) It is located deep to compact bone.
C) It forms diploe in the cranial bones.
D) It is composed of tubular units called osteons.
E) It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

Question 57

Which choice places the steps of intramembranous ossification in correct chronological order?
A: Formation of lamellar bone
B: Osteoid undergoes calcification
C: Ossification centers form
D: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum

A) b - a - c - d
B) c - b - d - a
C) c - b - a - d
D) a - c - d - b
E) b - c - d - a

Question 58

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) compact bone.
C) mesenchyme.
D) elastic cartilage.
E) spongy bone.

Question 59

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) ________ model.

A) mesenchyme
B) dense connective tissue
C) hyaline cartilage
D) membranous
E) osteoid

Question 60

Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth?

A) Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity.
B) Osteoclasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoblasts build bone at the interstitial lamellae.
C) Osteoblasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoclasts build bone at the epiphyses.
D) Osteocytes build bone at the interstitial lamellae while osteoclasts expand the length of the medullary cavity.
E) Osteocytes and osteoclasts expand the bone at its epiphyses; chondrocytes construct cartilage.

Question 61

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

A) Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.
B) Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.
C) Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.
D) Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.
E) Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

Question 62

Which hormone inhibits bone growth?

A) Calcitonin
B) Estrogen and testosterone
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Parathyroid hormone
E) Growth hormone

Question 63

The epiphyseal plates in the ________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.

A) femur
B) humerus
C) clavicle
D) radius
E) tibia

Question 64

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

A) stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.
B) stimulate osteoblasts to deposit bone by producing calcified matrix.
C) stimulate osteoblasts to resorb bone and lower blood calcium levels.
D) stimulate osteoclasts to move calcium from the blood and into the bone.

Question 65

The type of bone tissue that is replaced more frequently is ________ bone; the part of the femur that is replaced more frequently is the ________.

A) compact; distal epiphysis
B) compact; diaphysis
C) spongy; distal epiphysis
D) spongy; diaphysis

Question 66

Parathyroid hormone is released by the thyroid gland and causes the small intestine to increase calcium absorption.

Question 67

Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium in the small intestine.

Question 68

High blood calcium and exercise cause calcitonin release to

A) increase.
B) decrease.

Question 69

To trigger bone growth, growth hormone stimulates the

A) liver to produce somatomedin.
B) liver to produce calcitonin.
C) brain to produce serotonin.
D) parathyroid to produce parathyroid hormone.
E) thyroid to produce calcitriol.

Question 70

Glucocorticoids increase bone ________; high levels of serotonin lead to ________ bone density.

A) formation; high
B) formation; low
C) loss; high
D) loss; low

Question 71

Calcitonin ________ osteoclast activity, which will ________ blood calcium levels.

A) stimulates; increase
B) stimulates; decrease
C) inhibits; increase
D) inhibits; decrease

Question 72

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin B
C) Vitamin A
D) Vitamin C
E) Vitamin K

Question 73

For most individuals a common source of vitamin D is dietary intake of milk.

Question 74

Rickets, a disease characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, is caused by a lack of sufficient

A) Vitamin D.
B) Calcitonin.
C) Thyroid hormone.
D) Vitamin A.
E) Vitamin C.

Question 75

Which is false regarding bone remodeling?

A) It occurs throughout life.
B) It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
C) It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.
D) It occurs only at articular surfaces.
E) It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

Question 76

In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to ________ production of calcitriol and to ________ excretion of calcium in urine.

A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 77

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called

A) interstitial growth.
B) epiphyseal growth.
C) appositional growth.
D) endosteal growth.
E) cancellous bone growth.

Question 78

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by ________ levels of calcium in the blood.

A) high
B) low

Question 79

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by

A) osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.
B) osteoclasts, which then communicate to osteocytes to increase the size of lacunae.
C) chondrocytes, which then trigger osteoblasts to increase bone in a lengthwise fashion.
D) osteoblasts, which then communicate to osteocytes and osteoclasts to deposit more hydroxyapatite.

Question 80

Calcidiol circulates in the blood and is converted to calcitriol in the

A) kidney.
B) skin.
C) liver.
D) bone.