Deck 24: The Bodys Defenses

Question 1

Which statement about antigen recognition is TRUE?

A)B cell antigen receptors can bind to intact, freely circulating antigens that are bound to self proteins.
B)T cell antigen receptors can bind to intact antigens that are bound to self proteins.
C)B cell antigen receptors can bind to intact antigens that are on pathogen surfaces.
D)T cell antigen receptors can bind to intact freely circulating antigens.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Antibodies are ________.

A)composed of four fatty acid chains
B)a type of lymphocyte
C)proteins with short carbohydrates attached
D)proteins consisting of four polypeptide chains

Answer 2

D

Question 3

If a person had the thymus gland removed, which process would be most affected in his or her body?

A)production of B cells
B)production of T cells
C)maturation of B cells
D)maturation of T cells

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The major result of the inflammatory response is to ________.

A)initiate the production of antibodies
B)disinfect and clean damaged tissues
C)initiate the release of defensive proteins
D)initiate the production of natural killer cells

Question 5

A substance that can elicit an immune response from a lymphocyte is called a(n)________.

A)defensive protein
B)pathogen
C)antibody
D)antigen

Question 6

A typical vaccine consists of a solution containing ________.

A)antibodies
B)horse serum
C)B cells
D)a harmless variant of a disease-causing microbe

Question 7

Slugs produce mucus that helps keep them moist, helps them move, and protects them from pathogens. A slug's mucus is a component of which part of the immune system?

A)internal innate immunity
B)external innate immunity
C)adaptive immunity
D)lymphatic system

Question 8

Suppose you accidentally cut your finger with a piece of glass. What is the function of histamine in the ensuing inflammatory response?

A)To attract natural killer cells to the injury site.
B)To stimulate the release of defensive proteins near the injury.
C)To repel phagocytic cells away from the injury.
D)To dilate local blood vessels near the injury.

Question 9

What kinds of cells engulf the foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize?

A)natural killer cells
B)red blood cells
C)phagocytic cells
D)B cells

Question 10

Which is one of the body's first lines of defense against infection?

A)antibodies
B)skin and mucous membranes
C)increased production of certain hormones

Question 11

A role of the lymphatic system is to ________.

A)transport histamine
B)produce hormones related to fighting infections
C)produce white blood cells
D)return tissue fluid to the circulatory system

Question 12

A researcher detects an increase in the amount of natural killer cells in a laboratory rat and concludes that ________.

A)the rat has, or recently had, a viral infection
B)the rat does not have any cancerous tumors
C)the rat's lymphatic system is not functioning properly
D)the rat's internal innate defenses are weakened

Question 13

If you suffer an injury such as cutting your foot when you step on a nail, what type of molecule is immediately released by the damaged cells?

A)histamines
B)antibodies
C)defensive proteins
D)antihistamines

Question 14

A person's spleen may be removed (splenectomy)if it becomes enlarged due to certain types of cancer, traumatic injury, or damage. What part of the immune system will be most affected by a splenectomy?

A)internal innate immunity
B)external innate immunity
C)adaptive immunity
D)lymphatic system

Question 15

What type of molecule is part of the innate immune system and may prevent viral reproduction or destroy pathogens?

A)antibody
B)histamine
C)antigen
D)defensive

Question 16

Defensive proteins can assist the immune response by ________.

A)helping viruses reproduce
B)directly destroying pathogens
C)reducing inflammation
D)increasing lymph production

Question 17

Which is a response of our innate defense system?

A)adaptive immunity
B)inflammation
C)cytotoxic T cell response
D)helper T cell response

Question 18

What percentage of a population needs to be vaccinated for herd immunity to occur?

A)100%
B)99%
C)95%
D)90%

Question 19

Why do diseases involving widespread infection often result in a fever?

A)The inflammatory and immune responses result in extra heat production.
B)The infection-causing microorganisms trick the brain's temperature control center into creating a hot environment that favors their growth.
C)The brain's temperature control center responds to inflammation by creating a hot environment that is unfavorable to the growth of microorganisms.

Question 20

A primary function of natural killer cells is to ________.

A)attack and kill pathogenic microorganisms
B)attack virus-infected cells
C)tag pathogenic microorganisms with antibodies
D)phagocytize microorganisms that have been tagged with antibodies

Question 21

When a B or T cell is primed by an interaction with its particular antigen, the cell ________.

A)dies, killing the antigen
B)engulfs the antigen and destroys it
C)grows, divides, and develops further
D)sticks to other cells with attached antigens to form a large clot

Question 22

The primary immune response ________.

A)results in the production of short-lived effector cells via clonal selection
B)results in the production of short-lived memory cells via clonal selection
C)peaks about 2 days after first exposure
D)triggers the secondary immune response

Question 23

Suppose that you encounter an antigen for the first time. What types of cells stored in your lymph nodes can be activated in case you encounter the antigen again?

A)memory cells
B)effector cells
C)phagocytic cells
D)helper T cells

Question 24

What do cytotoxic T cells identify and destroy?

A)cells that have been infected by pathogens
B)blood or lymph that has been infected by pathogens
C)interstitial fluid that has been infected by pathogens

Question 25

A primary immune response differs from a secondary immune response in that the primary response ________.

A)produces helper T cells
B)produces cytotoxic T cells
C)produces effector cells
D)produces memory cells

Question 26

Which type of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

A)cytotoxic T cells
B)natural killer cells
C)helper T cells
D)phagocytic cells

Question 27

It is best to receive an organ transplant from a donor who ________.

A)looks like you
B)rarely consumes alcohol
C)does not have any allergies
D)best matches your self proteins

Question 28

Which statement best explains why people with Hodgkin's disease often show signs of immunodeficiency?

A)The Hodgkin's disease virus infects and destroys B cells.
B)Hodgkin's disease involves the deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys.
C)Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes.
D)Hodgkin's disease occurs when an immune response elicited by streptococcal bacteria kills normal heart cells.

Question 29

Anaphylactic shock ________.

A)occurs when blood vessels constrict abruptly
B)is a symptom of an immunodeficiency disease
C)causes blood pressure to drop dangerously

Question 30

Which cell type initiates a secondary immune response?

A)natural killer cell
B)memory cell
C)effector cell
D)cytotoxic T cell

Question 31

Antibodies ________.

A)are a type of lipid
B)are generalists in that any antibody can bind to any antigen
C)are a type of molecule that assists in destroying particular antigens
D)are produced by T cells

Question 32

When the immune system improperly turns against the body's own molecules, the result is ________.

A)an allergy
B)AIDS
C)an autoimmune disease
D)an immunodeficiency disease

Question 33

Which compounds do mast cells produce?

A)defensive proteins
B)antihistamines
C)histamine
D)antibodies

Question 34

A primary immune response is the ________.

A)immune response elicited by the second exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen
B)immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen
C)immune response elicited by the first exposure of memory cells to a particular antigen

Question 35

________ may destroy infected body cells.

A)Phagocytic cells
B)Helper T cells
C)Natural killer cells
D)Cytotoxic T cells

Question 36

Antibodies ________.

A)deactivate defensive proteins
B)bind to antigens on pathogens
C)stimulate the production of antigens
D)phagocytose invading bacteria

Question 37

The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because ________.

A)lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection
B)the body is able to determine which type of B and T cells to make
C)the body contains an enormous diversity of B and T cells, each with a specific kind of antigen receptor
D)the body is able to make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism

Question 38

What did Jonas Salk's polio vaccine experiment find?

A)Vaccines could be developed from bacteria.
B)Vaccines were safe only for the elderly.
C)Inactivated viruses can be used as vaccines.
D)Polio could not be prevented with a vaccine.

Question 39

The secondary response in the B cell response occurs when memory cells bind to ________.

A)antibodies
B)antigens
C)histamine
D)defensive proteins

Question 40

Strep throat can develop from an infection by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. After infection by this bacterium, cells in the body will respond by producing antibodies against the bacterium and the toxins it produces. What type of immune response is being described in this situation?

A)cytotoxic T cell response
B)helper T cell response
C)B cell response
D)inflammation

Question 41

Maria has a nut allergy and accidentally ate some pine nuts in her salad while eating at a restaurant. Almost immediately after eating them, Maria went into anaphylactic shock, but fortunately she was quickly treated and completely recovered. What treatment option was the best for Maria and why?

A)a treatment that would have decreased the amount of histamine in her blood so that her blood vessels could constrict and raise her blood pressure
B)a treatment that would have increased the number of cytotoxic T cells in her blood so that they could kill infected cells at a higher rate
C)a treatment that would stimulate antibody production by B cells so that the antibodies could bind to antigens on pathogens more readily

Question 42

Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
Avian influenza is a viral infection with few damaging effects that naturally occurs in wild birds. However, avian influenza is highly contagious and can quickly kill domesticated birds. Some human influenza viruses are similar to the avian influenza. People infected with avian influenza develop typical flu symptoms (fever, cough, muscle aches). However, symptoms may become more severe and life-threatening. If avian influenza evolves into a form that is easily transmissible from person to person, a global pandemic of widespread human death might occur.
One way to prevent a global pandemic of avian influenza would be to ________.

A)keep large doses of histamine available to treat anyone who shows signs of infection
B)treat any infected birds with large doses of antibiotics
C)develop a vaccine against the avian influenza virus
D)develop drugs that could effectively block anaphylactic shock

Question 43

Jonas Salk's polio vaccine trials of 1954 involved giving placebos to 201,229 children and the polio vaccine to 200,745 children. Out of those in the placebo group, 142 children developed polio, whereas 57 children from the vaccine group developed polio. Approximately how many less times likely was a child to develop polio if he or she were vaccinated?

A)two
B)ten
C)three
D)six

Question 44

The figure shows the concentration of antibodies for an antigen produced by Clostridium tetani, a bacterium that causes tetanus. What could trigger the increase in antibody production marked by the arrow?

A)a decrease in antigen concentration
B)an increase in histamine production
C)an initial exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that causes pneumonia
D)a second exposure to Clostridium tetani

Question 45

Why do some viruses mutate faster than others?

A)They are usually smaller.
B)They are usually larger.
C)They usually have RNA genomes.
D)They usually have DNA genomes.

Question 46

Diego was walking to class when he was stung by a bee. Students around him rushed to call for medical assistance as he collapsed to the ground. When the paramedics arrived, they found that Diego had very low blood pressure. What diagnosis is most likely?

A)AIDS
B)Hodgkin's disease
C)anaphylactic shock
D)lupus

Question 47

Humans who are infected with avian influenza are likely to have elevated levels of ________.

A)defensive proteins
B)histamine
C)antihistamines
D)bacterial cells

Question 48

Which cells would be active during an immune response to a viral infection?

A)natural killer cells, only
B)phagocytic cells, only
C)T cells, only
D)all of these cell types

Question 49

Examine the numerous long structures extending from the surface of some of the cells in the figure. Cells with these long structures could be found lining ________.

A)the digestive tract
B)arteries
C)veins
D)the trachea

Question 50

Which method do you think would be best to test effectiveness of a vaccine intended for human use against avian influenza?

A)Give the vaccine to a single mouse that has the virus, and assess whether influenza symptoms develop.
B)Give the vaccine to a group of mice that have the virus, and give a placebo to another group of mice that have the virus. Assess whether influenza symptoms develop in either group.
C)Give the vaccine to a single human who has the virus, and assess whether influenza symptoms develop.
D)Give the vaccine to a group of humans who have the virus, and give a placebo to another group of humans who have the virus. Assess whether influenza symptoms develop in either group.

Question 51

What other observation would suggest that alcohol consumption contributes to increased bacterial and viral infections?

A)decreased histamine concentration in the mice that drank alcohol
B)increased histamine concentration in the mice that drank alcohol
C)increased numbers of B cells in the mice that drank alcohol
D)decreased numbers of B cells in the mice that drank alcohol

Question 52

The figure shows the incidences and infection rates of HIV around the world. What can you conclude from this figure?

A)There were approximately 1.5 million people living with HIV in Eastern Europe/Central Asia in 2015.
B)Southern Asia/Pacific has the most people living with HIV in 2015
C)There were approximately 2 million new infections of HIV in Latin America /Caribbean in 2015.
D)The numbers of new infections of HIV in Southern Africa will continue to rise in the future.

Question 53

Three B cells are shown in the figure. Which B cells will begin to grow, divide, and differentiate further?

A)only the B cell on the left
B)only the B cell in the middle
C)only the B cell on the right

Question 54

Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
In order for cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells, they must bind to the self proteins on the surface of the infected cells. Other proteins on the surface of the cytotoxic T cells assist with this binding process. One of these accessory proteins, CD8, has been implicated in many immunodeficiency disorders, including AIDS. CD8 is required for cytotoxic T cells to function normally.
Chronic alcohol use is associated with increased rates of pulmonary bacterial and viral infections. A recent study examined this association by investigating the effects of alcohol on the immune system in mice. Mice were given either water or alcohol (ethanol)to drink and then were infected with the influenza virus. The number of cytotoxic T cells that have the CD8 accessory protein was measured in both groups of mice. The data collected are shown in the figure below.
Which group of mice has more functional cytotoxic T cells?

A)The mice that drank water.
B)The mice that drank alcohol.
C)Both groups of mice have similar amounts of functional cytotoxic T cells.

Question 55

What part of the immune response do vaccines help build?

A)primary immune response
B)secondary immune response
C)external innate defenses
D)allergic reactions

Question 56

Edema (swelling of body tissues with fluid)may occur if fluid is unable to enter the circulatory system. What might contribute to the development of edema?

A)decreased release of histamine
B)blocked lymphatic vessels
C)increased memory cell production

Question 57

Examine the figure. Which process is this figure modeling? [Art: from Figure 24.10 - please remove all text labels and arrows (except for the large blue ones]

A)a mast cell releasing histamine after a person burned their finger
B)a cytotoxic T cell killing an infected skin cell
C)a B cell producing antibodies against the cold virus
D)an allergic response after exposure to peanut dust

Question 58

Read the following scenario to answer the following questions.
In order for cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells, they must bind to the self proteins on the surface of the infected cells. Other proteins on the surface of the cytotoxic T cells assist with this binding process. One of these accessory proteins, CD8, has been implicated in many immunodeficiency disorders, including AIDS. CD8 is required for cytotoxic T cells to function normally.
Chronic alcohol use is associated with increased rates of pulmonary bacterial and viral infections. A recent study examined this association by investigating the effects of alcohol on the immune system in mice. Mice were given either water or alcohol (ethanol)to drink and then were infected with the influenza virus. The number of cytotoxic T cells that have the CD8 accessory protein was measured in both groups of mice. The data collected are shown in the figure below.
Which group of mice would have a stronger cytotoxic C cell response?

A)The mice that drank water.
B)The mice that drank alcohol.
C)Both groups of mice would have the same responses.

Question 59

The figure shows a Y-shaped antibody molecule. How many protein chains are found in an antibody?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four