Deck 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Question 1

A physiologist is a biologist who studies the ________.

A)structure of living things
B)structure of body parts
C)evolution of animals
D)function of body parts

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Connective tissue is different from the other major tissue types in that ________.

A)it is made up of cells
B)its cells are sparsely scattered through an extracellular matrix
C)its cells line organs and cover the surface of the body
D)it is found only in humans

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Bone is a type of ________.

A)connective tissue
B)epithelial tissue
C)extracellular matrix
D)adipose tissue

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Skeletal muscle is different from both smooth and cardiac muscle because skeletal muscles ________.

A)are made of cells called "fibers"
B)cannot be contracted voluntarily
C)can be contracted voluntarily
D)cells have nuclei

Question 5

Which type of tissue forms an electrical communication system within the body?

A)nervous
B)blood
C)connective
D)muscle

Question 6

Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this animal practices homeostasis with respect to the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will show ________.

A)no fluctuations
B)slight, continuous fluctuations
C)a more concentrated state than the surrounding water at all times
D)a more diluted state than the surrounding water at all times

Question 7

A typical skeletal muscle ________.

A)is found in the walls of organs such as the digestive tract
B)has fibers that do not have a striped appearance under the microscope
C)can be enlarged by exercise
D)is only found in heart tissue

Question 8

Which type of tissue stores fat in the body?

A)cartilage
B)bone
C)adipose tissue
D)fibrous connective tissue

Question 9

The fact that every organism continuously exchanges chemicals and energy with its surroundings indicates that organisms ________.

A)are open systems
B)are closed systems
C)have tightly controlled thermoregulation
D)osmoregulate

Question 10

In animals, individual cells are grouped into ________.

A)organs
B)tissues
C)organisms
D)organ systems

Question 11

Which is the most abundant kind of tissue in the bodies of vertebrates?

A)connective
B)epithelial
C)blood
D)muscle

Question 12

In a person suffering from heat stroke, body temperature disrupts the ________.

A)organization of tissues into organs
B)processes of the liver
C)control center of the brain
D)cells of the digestive tract

Question 13

The vertebrate kidney helps to keep the acidity of the body fluids constant by varying the amount of hydrogen ions (H⁺)it secretes into the urine. This aspect of kidney function, like other mechanisms of homeostasis, is most likely controlled by ________.

A)a negative feedback mechanism
B)nerve impulses from the brain
C)a hormone produced in the brain
D)a hormone produced in the kidney itself

Question 14

Which statement about organs is correct?

A)An organ represents a lower level of structure than the tissues composing it.
B)An organ consists of only one kind of tissue.
C)An organ performs functions that none of its components can carry out alone.
D)An organ consists of many cells, all of the same type.

Question 15

Which type of connective tissue is the most common in the typical human body?

A)fibrous connective tissue
B)adipose tissue
C)loose connective tissue
D)bone

Question 16

What kind of connective tissue has a matrix that is strong and flexible?

A)bone
B)adipose tissue
C)loose connective tissue
D)cartilage

Question 17

The basic unit of nervous tissue is the ________.

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)neuron
D)brain

Question 18

A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is ________.

A)sensation
B)support
C)covering surfaces
D)absorption

Question 19

Involuntary muscle includes ________.

A)skeletal muscle only
B)smooth muscle only
C)smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
D)smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some skeletal muscle

Question 20

Homeostasis is ________.

A)the maintenance of an unchanging internal state
B)a pathological condition
C)the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
D)the way the internal environment influences the external environment

Question 21

A diuretic is a substance that ________.

A)promotes sweating
B)regulates the contraction of cardiac muscle
C)inhibits dehydration
D)promotes urinary water loss

Question 22

A physiological response that takes place in many animals when they get too hot is ________.

A)slowing of the heart rate
B)constriction of blood vessels in the skin
C)contraction of muscles
D)increased blood flow to the skin

Question 23

Which animal is an ectotherm?

A)human
B)parrot (bird)
C)spiny lobster
D)field mouse

Question 24

Why does measuring oxygen consumption estimate how a Burmese python generates body heat?

A)Oxygen is consumed during cellular respiration, which generates heat.
B)Oxygen is produced during cellular respiration, which generates heat.
C)Oxygen is consumed during cellular respiration, which absorbs heat.
D)Oxygen is produced during cellular respiration, which absorbs heat.

Question 25

Heat exchange with the environment will be most efficient in a structure that has large ________.

A)surface area
B)volume
C)number of cells
D)cell size

Question 26

For most people, blood sugar levels rise to over 7 mmol/L after ingesting a meal. What is most likely responsible for the return of blood sugar levels to 5 mmol/L?

A)the use of the sugar as an energy source by your cells
B)a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
C)type 2 diabetes
D)a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback

Question 27

Most homeostatic mechanisms depend on ________.

A)positive and negative feedback
B)negative feedback
C)predictable environmental conditions
D)predictable internal conditions

Question 28

Reabsorption is the movement of substances from the ________ to the ________.

A)blood; nephron
B)filtrate; blood
C)kidney; urinary bladder
D)blood; filtrate

Question 29

During heat stroke, what mechanism is being disrupted?

A)negative feedback control of body temperature
B)increased dilation of vessels as air temperature increases
C)immune system response to invading microbes
D)muscle contractions to generate body heat

Question 30

Humans urinate, defecate, and breathe. Which process is accompanied by water loss?

A)only urination
B)only defecation
C)only breathing
D)all three are accompanied by water loss

Question 31

When body temperature is too low, what occurs?

A)Blood vessels in the skin constrict.
B)Muscles relax.
C)Sweat glands are activated.
D)Blood vessels at the body surface dilate and fill with blood.

Question 32

Which animal generates (produces)body heat to warm itself?

A)a beetle that absorbs solar radiation
B)a moth that shivers its wings before flight
C)a lizard that lies on a warm rock
D)a turtle that moves to a warm, shallow part of a pond

Question 33

In humans, goosebumps are a vestige of a mammalian adaptation related to ________.

A)thermoregulation
B)water conservation
C)osmoregulation
D)positive feedback

Question 34

Which statement applies to freshwater fish?

A)They lose water by osmosis.
B)The concentration of solutes in their internal fluids is lower than in the surrounding water.
C)They pump out ions via the gills.
D)They produce dilute urine.

Question 35

In a multicellular organism, cellular exchange with the environment can only occur if ________.

A)cells have access to a suitable watery environment
B)the body is a closed system
C)homeostasis requires energy expenditure
D)temperatures are variable

Question 36

Excretion is the movement of substances from the ________ to the ________.

A)filtrate; blood
B)kidney; urinary bladder
C)blood; filtrate
D)kidneys; outside

Question 37

Secretion is the movement of substances from the ________ to the ________.

A)nephron; blood
B)filtrate; blood
C)kidney; urinary bladder
D)blood; filtrate

Question 38

The urinary system is responsible for the elimination of urea, the reabsorption of valuable solutes, and reabsorbing water. Which of those processes occur in the kidney?

A)elimination of urea
B)reabsorption of valuable solutes
C)reabsorbing water
D)all three processes occur in the kidney

Question 39

Which process describes the forcing of water and other small molecules from the blood into a kidney tubule?

A)absorption
B)filtration
C)secretion
D)excretion

Question 40

Oxytocin controls the involuntary contractions of the uterus. The uterus is composed of ________.

A)nervous tissue
B)skeletal muscle
C)smooth muscle
D)epithelium

Question 41

At high temperatures this animal loses water rapidly. To prevent dehydration, this animal's nephrons should ________.

A)increase reabsorption
B)decrease reabsorption
C)increase secretion
D)decrease secretion

Question 42

Use the following information to answer the following questions
To study the effect of ambient (environmental)temperature on the metabolic rate of animals, a scientist takes a small animal and puts it in a sealed chamber with oxygen. The scientist measures the amount of oxygen used by the animal at different temperatures, as oxygen is consumed during the process of cellular respiration. The temperatures selected are those that the animal normally encounters in nature. The data from this experiment are in the table below.

The animal studied by the scientist is most likely to be ________.

A)an ectotherm
B)an endotherm
C)a saltwater fish
D)a freshwater fish

Question 43

Compare how temperature is regulated in a room with a thermostat with how thermoregulation works in the human body. What is most analogous to "Heating starts" (that is, heat is produced)for the human body?

A)Blood vessels constrict near the surface.
B)The person puts on more clothes.
C)Metabolic rate increases.
D)Sweat is produced.

Question 44

The figure below shows that ________.

A)homeostatic mechanisms allow cats to sense their external environments
B)homeostatic mechanisms allow cats to use their internal conditions to affect their external environments
C)cats experience no variations in their internal conditions
D)homeostatic mechanisms allow cats to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even when the external environment changes

Question 45

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
The dune-burrowing spider Seothyra species lives in the Namib Desert on the southwestern coast of Africa. These spiders build silk-lined burrows with a sticky silk mat at the entrance to trap insect prey. While foraging during the day, the spider remains concealed in its burrow and shielded from direct sunlight when prey are not present. When insect prey become entangled in the sticky silk mat, the spider will run out of its burrow and capture the prey insects.
During the day, environmental temperatures vary from 17 to 73°C (63-164°F). If a spider is forced to remain outside of its burrow, it shows signs of thermal stress at 49°C. When spiders are unrestrained, they spend more time waiting inside their burrows to keep their internal temperatures below 49°C, even when surface temperatures are above 65°C. In addition, spiders respond more quickly to prey stimuli during the hottest times of the day and capture prey in significantly less time when surface temperatures are above 49°C. The captured arthropods (prey)tend to succumb more quickly to hot surface temperatures; they are more lethargic and struggle less when captured at the high temperature ranges.
Based on the information in the paragraphs, spiders are ________.

A)ectotherms
B)endotherms
C)sometimes ectotherms and sometimes endotherms
D)neither ectotherms nor endotherms

Question 46

Examine the figure above that shows negative feedback in a thermostat. If the room becomes too warm, the next thing that will occur is ________.

A)heating stops
B)the set point decreases
C)the room cools
D)the heater is turned off

Question 47

How did the solutes of urine, shown in this schematic, become part of urine?

A)filtration and secretion
B)reabsorption
C)excretion
D)osmosis

Question 48

When spiders show signs of thermal stress, this is an indication that they are unable to ________.

A)move
B)function
C)osmoregulate
D)thermoregulate

Question 49

What is true of a water molecule that is excreted by the urinary system?

A)It is filtered and becomes part of the filtrate.
B)It is filtered then reabsorbed.
C)It is filtered then secreted.
D)It is filtered, secreted, then reabsorbed.

Question 50

The scientist studies a second animal whose oxygen consumption rises as temperature increases. The second animal is most likely to be ________.

A)an ectotherm
B)an endotherm
C)one that cannot osmoregulate
D)one that primarily uses metabolism to regulate temperature

Question 51

One function of this organ system is ________.

A)excretion of urea
B)production of gametes
C)protection of the body
D)thermoregulation

Question 52

When foraging spiders are too hot, they retreat into their burrows. What type of feedback system does this indicate?

A)hormonal feedback
B)positive feedback
C)negative feedback
D)positive and negative feedback

Question 53

How will the composition of urine, as shown in this diagram, change when ADH is released by the pituitary gland?

A)The total percentage of solutes will be greater than 6%.
B)The total percentage of solutes will be less than 6%.
C)The percentage of water will be greater than 94%.
D)The percentage of water will stay the same while total percentage of solutes will increase.

Question 54

To communicate the results of the experiment best, how should the scientist graph the data?

A)Use a bar graph with oxygen consumption on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis.
B)Use a line graph with day on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis.
C)Use a line graph with temperature on the x-axis and oxygen consumption on the y-axis.
D)Use a bar graph with temperature on the x-axis and oxygen consumption on the y-axis.

Question 55

One function of this organ system is ________.

A)thermoregulation
B)excretion
C)exchange of gases between the blood and air
D)transport of substances throughout the body

Question 56

What hypothesis was Hutchison et al. testing by examining the relationship between muscle contractions and oxygen consumption in Burmese pythons?

A)Burmese pythons contract muscles to warm eggs during incubation.
B)More muscle contractions occur when the temperature is cooler.
C)The Burmese python is native to southeastern Asia.
D)Oxygen consumption generates heat through cellular respiration.

Question 57

The graph shown is from a female Burmese python who is incubating her eggs in a chamber with variable temperatures. Interpret the graph.

A)The Burmese python consumes less oxygen at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures.
B)The Burmese python consumes more oxygen at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures.
C)The Burmese python contracts muscles more frequently at warmer temperatures.
D)The Burmese python contracts muscles less frequently at cooler temperatures.