Deck 13: Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

According to Erik Erikson, middle childhood is a time in which children must resolve the conflict between ____________.

A) parents and peers
B) industry and inferiority
C) chores and homework
D) security and independence

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Children are more likely to have high self-esteem when their parents:

A) are controlling.
B) set clearly defined limits.
C) permit children to set their own limits.
D) encourage children to be dependent of them.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When Becky, age 9, describes herself as "better at math than Jason," she is using:

A) a sociometric rating.
B) social comparison.
C) a description of a stable trait.
D) self-concept.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Vickie sees herself as a poor student in math class, but she would like to be the most accomplished student in the class. Vickie is demonstrating a discrepancy between her _____ self and her _____ self.

A) objective; subjective
B) actual; stereotyped
C) past; future
D) actual; ideal

Question 5

What is a sense of self that includes a number of attributes that fluctuate in significance according to particular circumstances, roles, and relationships?

A) possible self
B) self-esteem
C) self-exploration
D) differentiated self

Question 6

Children begin to describe themselves as having stable traits:

A) at the end of middle childhood.
B) before they anticipate what other people will do based on their stable traits.
C) when they begin developing self-esteem.
D) about the same time they think of the psychological states of others as stable.

Question 7

Comparative studies of European American families with those from other backgrounds strongly suggest that self-esteem is:

A) a universal value in all cultures.
B) always related to parenting practices.
C) more important in Taiwanese families than in European American families.
D) a culture-specific concept.

Question 8

Social comparisons play a role in children's sense of themselves during middle childhood:

A) because they have no sense of absolute levels of competence or success.
B) because they do not have a strong sense of self.
C) around age 6.
D) when they start engaging in social perspective taking.

Question 9

As children's self-evaluations become more differentiated, they develop:

A) a differentiated sense of self-worth.
B) an overall sense of general self-worth.
C) an unrealistic sense of self-worth.
D) greater cognitive competence.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a reason why young adolescents may portray themselves in digital media different from how they actually are?

A) social compensation
B) self-esteem
C) social facilitation
D) self-exploration

Question 11

Thinking about what the self might be like in the future is referred to as the:

A) possible self.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-exploration.
D) differentiated self.

Question 12

Jill believes that she is really good in her language arts class but not very good in her math class. This conflicting view represents the _____.

A) possible self
B) self-esteem
C) self-exploration
D) differentiated self

Question 13

The ways in which we organize behavior in relation to group life and society is called:

A) social control.
B) cognitive control.
C) emotional control.
D) identity.

Question 14

Harter found that when children evaluate themselves, their self- evaluations are:

A) not associated with parental styles.
B) not consistent with evaluations made by peers.
C) not consistent with evaluations made by teachers.
D) consistent with evaluations by both teachers and peers.

Question 15

With regard to social comparison, children's sensitivity to themselves in relation to others their own age increases significantly around the age of:

A) 6 years.
B) 8 years.
C) 10 years.
D) 12 years.

Question 16

According to Erikson, the main challenge of middle childhood is that of industry versus inferiority, meaning that a child establishes a sense of:

A) self.
B) identity.
C) intimacy.
D) competence.

Question 17

One's evaluation of one's own self-worth is called:

A) social comparison.
B) self-concept.
C) self-esteem.
D) a sociogram.

Question 18

Why might the self be viewed as unstable during middle childhood?

A) because young adolescents experiment with possible selves in the context of pursuing possible social relationships
B) because children judge themselves to be industrious and successful at meeting the new challenges posed by adults at home or school
C) because the construction of multiple selves and self-possibilities intersects with changing social expectations to engage in different, more mature behavior
D) because the structure of the self-changes during middle childhood

Question 19

Those with high self-esteem during middle childhood likely had parents who did all of the following EXCEPT:

A) set clear limits.
B) approved of their children.
C) allowed them self-expression.
D) engaged in permissive parenting.

Question 20

The changes in sense of self that occur during middle childhood:

A) are effects of changes in cognitive and social processes.
B) are caused by changes in cognitive and social processes.
C) run parallel to changes in cognitive and social processes.
D) are independent of changes in cognitive and social processes.

Question 21

Karen wants to play marbles with her friend Ami, but as they start to play it becomes clear that they have different ideas about what the rules are. They get upset with each other. Karen says, "My mom said we were supposed to play this way." Ami says, "That's wrong. My mom said it was this way." What age are the girls most likely to be?

A) 2
B) 7
C) 10
D) 12

Question 22

According to Kohlberg, when children achieve the stage of instrumental morality they:

A) no longer adopt egocentric perspectives.
B) believe that justice is related to an equal exchange.
C) do not recognize different perspectives.
D) cannot yet act without adult supervision.

Question 23

A noticeable difference in the game playing of children in middle childhood compared with that of the preschool years is the:

A) playing of games based upon rules.
B) marked increase in fantasy role play.
C) marked decrease in fantasy role play.
D) following of social rules consistent with fantasy roles.

Question 24

Jean Piaget argued that the idea of God:

A) is a projection of our need for a protective parent figure.
B) changes with the development of new cognitive systems of thinking.
C) is unrelated to psychosocial systems.
D) is a property of the collective unconscious.

Question 25

According to Freud, the part of the personality that monitors and evaluates whether the individual's actions are morally appropriate is called the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) autonomous morality.

Question 26

Pnevmatikos (2002) found that Catholic and Greek Orthodox children's drawings of where God lives reflect a shift from:

A) depicting material buildings to depicting abstract ideals.
B) depicting abstract ideals to depicting material buildings.
C) drawing general churches to drawing Catholic or Orthodox churches.
D) using less detail to using more detail.

Question 27

At the start of middle childhood, children play games:

A) according to preexisting rules.
B) with an understanding that rules are social conventions.
C) with elaborate rules only if they are boys.
D) with little regard for rules.

Question 28

When children begin to recognize that others have different perspectives, Kohlberg refers to this as:

A) autonomous morality.
B) instrumental morality.
C) culturally generated morality.
D) moral perspective taking.

Question 29

Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

A) challenged Piaget's theory.
B) built on Piaget's theory.
C) was the same as Piaget's theory.
D) was not related to Piaget's theory.

Question 30

Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma" asked children to decide whether a man should have stolen drugs for his sick wife when he couldn't pay for the drugs. Children's answers would occur in which order as they age from 6 to 10 years old?

A) He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife.
B) He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday.
C) He should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife.
D) He should steal the drug if he really loves his wife; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble.

Question 31

Research has suggested that the key to high self-esteem, transmitted in large part by the family, is some ability to:

A) do well in sports.
B) perform well in school.
C) control one's own future.
D) make friends and be popular.

Question 32

Juan wants to play marbles with his friend James, but as they start to play it becomes clear that they have different ideas about what the rules are. They get upset with each other. Juan says, "My mom said we were supposed to play this way." James says, "That's wrong. My mom said it was this way." What are the boys displaying?

A) mystical respect for the rules of the game
B) internalization of the rules of the game
C) instrumental morality
D) good-child morality

Question 33

Kohlberg's investigation of moral reasoning used:

A) story-dilemmas.
B) role-playing situations.
C) experiments that manipulated moral behavior.
D) interviews with children about their lying behavior.

Question 34

A review of contemporary research on children's and adults' conceptions of God justifies which conclusion?

A) Conceptions of God are universal and unchanging across age-level, cultural group, and context.
B) Conceptions of God change for both adults and for children as a function of context.
C) Conceptions of God change for children across contexts but do not change for adults.
D) Children's conceptions of God are anthropomorphic, whereas adults' conceptions of God are abstract.

Question 35

Children understand that social rules enable cooperation with others through all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) negotiating plans.
B) settling disagreements.
C) keeping and breaking promises.
D) making up arbitrary rules.

Question 36

The game playing in middle childhood does NOT include:

A) rules being changed on a whim.
B) fantasy role play.
C) rule-based play.
D) sociodramatic play.

Question 37

Sarah is concerned with social standards and rules when she thinks about moral dilemmas. Kohlberg would say that she is at the ____________ level of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) unconventional

Question 38

According to Piaget, moral development involves a shift from ____________ morality to ____________ morality.

A) heteronomous; autonomous
B) autonomous; heteronomous
C) id; superego
D) superego; id

Question 39

Sigmund Freud argued that the idea of God for children and adults:

A) is a projection of our need for a protective parent figure.
B) changes with the development of new cognitive systems of thinking.
C) is unrelated to psychosocial systems.
D) is a property of the collective unconscious.

Question 40

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, attention to internal motives and intentions are central to ____________ morality.

A) heteronomous
B) autonomous
C) prosocial
D) egocentric

Question 41

A complex organization of relationships between individuals is called a(n):

A) anthropometric scale.
B) relational scheme.
C) hierarchical analysis.
D) social structure.

Question 42

The most common cause of rejection of children by their peers is:

A) shyness.
B) aggressiveness.
C) unattractiveness.
D) high intelligence.

Question 43

As children spend more time with their peers during middle childhood, they must learn how to:

A) not compete for social status.
B) avoid conflicts with peers.
C) create a satisfying place for themselves within the social group.
D) regulate their behavior with help from adults.

Question 44

What is a sociogram?

A) a graphic representation of social relationships within a group of children
B) a rating scale for social skills
C) an invalid and unreliable measure
D) used instead of a rating scale in studies of social relations

Question 45

Bullies tend to:

A) have poor social-information processing skills.
B) pick on a small percentage of school children.
C) use their well-developed social-information processing skills in an antisocial way.
D) not be popular.

Question 46

Dominique is shown as having received the most positive nominations on a sociogram for his classroom of children. We would say he falls in the ____________ category.

A) social comparison
B) dominant
C) clique
D) popular

Question 47

Children in a variety of cultures rely on ideas of ____________ over ____________ when making moral judgments.

A) rules and authority; harm and welfare
B) social conventions; religious dogma
C) self-interest; group concerns
D) harm and welfare; rules and authority

Question 48

Darren is aggressive toward other children and tends to interpret accidental slights as deliberate. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect Darren to be rated as:

A) neglected.
B) rejected.
C) controversial.
D) popular.

Question 49

Cross-cultural studies of social conventional and moral reasoning appear to support the conclusion that:

A) children's moral evaluations are independent of cultural norms.
B) in some cultures, children are likely to see breaches of social convention as moral issues.
C) American children are more sophisticated in their moral reasoning than children from other cultures.
D) children from other cultures make the same distinctions as do American children between social conventions and moral rules.

Question 50

Popular children tend to:

A) be good at compromise and negotiating.
B) have an overall negative reputation.
C) hang out in cliques.
D) have better social-information processing skills than do bullies.

Question 51

Children who are rejected by their peers tend to:

A) overestimate their social skills.
B) be aggressive.
C) underestimate their social skills.
D) compensate for their social difficulties.

Question 52

What are sociograms used to investigate?

A) social status
B) moral reasoning
C) social perspective taking
D) social repair mechanisms

Question 53

William is shown as having received the most negative nominations on a sociogram for his classroom of children. We would say he falls in the ____________ category.

A) neglected
B) rejected
C) difficult
D) temperamental

Question 54

Bullying appears to peak during the sixth grade in American schools because:

A) this is when interest in the opposite sex is starting to rise.
B) children at this age have fewer parental controls than in earlier years.
C) children are moving from elementary to middle school, and new social groups are forming.
D) children are frustrated by the increased academic demands of middle school, and bullying is a way to "blow off steam."

Question 55

During middle childhood, a child's popularity is positively related to his or her:

A) activity level.
B) attractiveness.
C) aggressiveness.
D) socioeconomic status.

Question 56

Turiel and his colleagues asked children ages 5 to 11 to make a judgment related to a moral dilemma and social conventions. He found that children can:

A) solve problems related to moral dilemmas before they can solve problems related to social conventions.
B) solve moral dilemmas, but they cannot solve problems related to social conventions.
C) distinguish moral dilemmas from social conventions.
D) not solve problems related to either moral dilemmas or social conventions.

Question 57

According to Elliot Turiel, social conventions:

A) are identical in concept to moral reasoning.
B) are in a different domain from that of moral reasoning.
C) are what true moral reasoning grows from.
D) cannot be distinguished from moral infractions by preschoolers.

Question 58

Luka likes to set group activities and control the toys and play spaces in his second-grade class. Luka would be considered a(n) ____________ child.

A) dominant
B) controversial
C) recessive
D) active

Question 59

According to research on a child's developing theory of mind, what is necessary for a child to demonstrate a mature capacity for moral reasoning?

A) an ability to focus on the objective consequence of a person's action
B) an ability to understand that it is wrong to harm another person and to recognize when someone has been harmed
C) an ability to interpret a person's objective behavior in light of his or her subjective mental state
D) a tendency to perceive that some "bad" actions are worse than others

Question 60

Rhonda is particularly well-practiced in relational aggression. She is most likely:

A) neglected.
B) popular.
C) rejected.
D) outcasts.

Question 61

Phineas and Ferb love to build things and can get a bit competitive with each other. However, the competition is friendly, and they show little emotional investment in who wins. What type of competition are they exhibiting?

A) ego-oriented competition
B) task-oriented competition
C) hypercompetitiveness
D) nonhostile social comparison

Question 62

Barry Schneider and his colleagues identified which of the following as a basic social goal that children in a variety of cultures follow?

A) nonhostile social comparison
B) cooperation goals
C) hostile social comparison
D) non-social cooperation

Question 63

Peer victimization decreases from the middle school years through adolescence because:

A) children move to bigger schools.
B) victims of bullies learn to ignore and avoid their bullies.
C) bullies learn to ignore and avoid their victims.
D) children move to smaller schools.

Question 64

Janet was pushed purposefully by the student behind her as they walked to lunch. Janet turned around and knocked the other student down. Janet's actions are an example of:

A) relational aggression.
B) emotional aggression.
C) proactive aggression.
D) reactive aggression.

Question 65

Sky is very shy and lonely. She wants to have friends and is very upset that she doesn't. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect Sky to be rated as:

A) neglected.
B) rejected.
C) controversial.
D) popular.

Question 66

Lisa is shown as having few nominations of any positive or negative kind on a sociogram for her classroom of children. We would say she falls in the ____________ category.

A) neglected
B) victim
C) rejected
D) controversial

Question 67

Thomas feels most successful when he and his friends help each other do their best. What type of basic social goal is Thomas exhibiting?

A) ego-oriented goal
B) task-oriented goal
C) Cooperation goal
D) nonhostile social comparison

Question 68

Alicia is very competitive with her peers and only feels successful when she can do better than her friends. Alicia has what type of social goal?

A) ego-oriented goal
B) task-oriented goal
C) cooperation goal
D) nonhostile social comparison

Question 69

Michael is often aggressive toward his peers, but he uses humor to prevent his peers from becoming too angry. Michael is probably ____________ among his peers.

A) controversial
B) rejected
C) popular
D) neglected

Question 70

The experience of children who are chronically harassed, teased, and bullied by peers is referred to as:

A) peer victimization.
B) proactive aggression.
C) reactive aggression.
D) relational aggression.

Question 71

Victimized children tend to:

A) have difficulty regulating their attention.
B) lose their tempers easily.
C) act in an immature and dependent way.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 72

Sara only feels successful when she keeps practicing hard. What type of basic social goal is Sara exhibiting?

A) ego-oriented goal
B) task-oriented goal
C) cooperation goal
D) nonhostile social comparison

Question 73

Barry Schneider and his colleagues found that ____________ was more prevalent among children's friendships in Spain and Canada than in children's friendships in Costa Rica and Cuba.

A) nonhostile social comparison
B) cooperation
C) solitary activity
D) hypercompetitiveness

Question 74

In a classic study on cooperation and competition by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif (1956), two groups of boys were formed at summer camps in Oklahoma. A series of tasks were arranged for them, some requiring competition and others requiring cooperation. What is one of the major conclusions we can draw from their study?

A) Competition is stable across contexts and appears to be linked to a fixed biological characteristic of individuals.
B) Cooperation is stable across contexts and appears to be linked to a fixed biological characteristic of individuals and groups.
C) Cooperation and competition are heavily influenced by context.
D) Boys, but not girls, have a biological predisposition towards competition.

Question 75

Although Frances is not very sociable, she also is neither aggressive nor particularly shy. She has a best friend, Alyssa, and is very happy about this. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect Frances to be rated as:

A) neglected.
B) rejected.
C) controversial.
D) popular.

Question 76

Bill has a lot of friends but is also very aggressive, so some children refuse to play with him. He is good at joking around with his friends so that they stay his friends even when he is aggressive with them. In a rating of sociometric status, we would expect Bill to be rated as:

A) neglected.
B) rejected.
C) controversial.
D) popular.

Question 77

When playing experimentally designed games, children in Asia and Latin America tend to adopt ____________ strategies.

A) cooperative
B) competitive
C) systematic
D) idiocentric

Question 78

A reputational view of social rejection is supported by evidence of:

A) lower levels of social cognition in aggressive children.
B) parental-intervention in the play of low-status children.
C) social understanding in aggressive children being equal to that of average children.
D) misinterpretation of aggressive children's behavior as aggressive even when it is not.

Question 79

Bullying is considered a form of:

A) relational aggression.
B) physical aggression.
C) proactive aggression.
D) reactive aggression.

Question 80

When playing experimentally designed games, children in North America tend to adopt ____________ strategies.

A) cooperative
B) competitive
C) systematic
D) allocentric