Deck 38: Alterations of Digestive Function

Question 1

A 50 year old is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux.This condition is caused by:

A) fibrosis of the lower third of the esophagus.
B) sympathetic nerve stimulation.
C) loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter.
D) reverse peristalsis of the stomach.

Answer 1

loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter.

Question 2

Bright red bleeding from the rectum is referred to as:

A) melena.
B) occult bleeding.
C) hematochezia.
D) hematemesis.

Answer 2

hematochezia.

Question 3

A 50-year-old male reports episodes of frequently recurring crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools.A possible diagnosis would be:

A) ulcerative colitis.
B) hiatal hernia.
C) pyloric obstruction.
D) achalasia.

Answer 3

ulcerative colitis.

Question 4

The most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding is:

A) diverticulosis.
B) hemorrhoids.
C) esophageal varices.
D) cancer.

Question 5

Which of the following types of diarrhea would most likely occur with a bacterial GI infection?

A) Osmotic
B) Secretory
C) Hypotonic
D) Motility

Question 6

A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing.These symptoms support which diagnosis?

A) Pyloric stenosis
B) Gastric cancer
C) Achalasia
D) Hiatal hernia

Question 7

What is the cause of peptic ulcer disease?

A) Hereditary hormonal imbalances with high gastrin levels.
B) Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions.
C) Decreased vagal activity and vascular engorgement.
D) Gastric erosions related to high ammonia levels and bile reflux.

Question 8

A 22 year old underwent brain surgery to remove a tumor.Following surgery, the patient experienced a peptic ulcer.This ulcer is referred to as a(n) _____ ulcer.

A) infectious
B) Cushing
C) H.pylori
D) Curling

Question 9

Which complication is associated with gastric resection surgery?

A) Constipation
B) Acid reflux gastritis
C) Anemia
D) Hiccups

Question 10

A 39 year old is diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer.Which of the following behaviors may have contributed to the development of the ulcer?

A) Regular NSAID use
B) Drinking caffeinated beverages
C) Consuming limited fiber
D) Antacid consumption

Question 11

The symptoms and signs of large bowel obstruction are:

A) abdominal distention and hypogastric pain.
B) diarrhea and excessive thirst.
C) dehydration and epigastric pain.
D) abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.

Question 12

Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach.This condition increases the risk for the development of:

A) pernicious anemia.
B) osmotic diarrhea.
C) increased acid secretion.
D) decreased gastrin secretion.

Question 13

A serious complication of paraesophageal hiatal hernia is:

A) hemorrhage.
B) strangulation.
C) peritonitis.
D) ascites.

Question 14

A 20 year old recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea.This diarrhea can be classified as _____ diarrhea.

A) osmotic
B) secretory
C) hypotonic
D) motility

Question 15

What is the primary clinical manifestation of a stress ulcer?

A) Bowel obstruction
B) Bleeding
C) Pulmonary embolism
D) Hepatomegaly

Question 16

Assuming that midline epigastric pain is caused by a stimulus acting on an abdominal organ, the pain felt is classified as:

A) visceral.
B) somatic.
C) parietal.
D) referred.

Question 17

Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:

A) fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
B) water-soluble vitamins.
C) proteins.
D) minerals.

Question 18

Pancreatic insufficiency is manifested by deficient production of:

A) insulin.
B) amylase.
C) lipase.
D) bile.

Question 19

Tests reveal narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum.This condition is referred to as:

A) ileocecal obstruction.
B) hiatal hernia.
C) pyloric obstruction.
D) hiatal obstruction.

Question 20

Chronic gastritis is classified according to the:

A) severity.
B) location of lesions.
C) patient's age.
D) signs and symptoms.

Question 21

The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because:

A) the resulting liver failure causes a deficit of plasma proteins and a loss of oncotic pressure.
B) ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability, and fluid loss occurs.
C) massive bleeding occurs in the GI tract.
D) overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in ischemic injury to the intestinal wall.

Question 22

The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include: (Select all that apply.)

A) consumption of spicy foods.
B) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
C) H.pylori infection.
D) trauma.
E) side effects of antibiotics.

Question 23

Manifestations associated with hepatic encephalopathy from chronic liver disease are the result of:

A) hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.
B) fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
C) impaired ammonia metabolism.
D) decreased cerebral blood flow.

Question 24

Which of the following characteristics is associated with an acute occlusion of mesenteric blood flow to the small intestine?

A) Often precipitated by an embolism.
B) Commonly associated with disease such as pancreatitis and gallstones.
C) Caused by chronic malnutrition and mucosal atrophy.
D) Often a complication of hypovolemic shock.

Question 25

An increase in the rate of red blood cell breakdown causes which form of jaundice?

A) Obstructive
B) Hemolytic
C) Hepatocellular
D) Metabolic

Question 26

Which of the following conditions is thought to contribute to the development of obesity?

A) Insulin excess
B) Leptin resistance
C) Adipocyte failure
D) Malabsorption

Question 27

Tissue damage in pancreatitis is initially triggered by:

A) insulin toxicity.
B) autoimmune destruction of the pancreas.
C) backup of pancreatic enzymes.
D) hydrochloric acid reflux into the pancreatic duct.

Question 28

The autopsy of a 55 year old revealed an enlarged liver, testicular atrophy, and mild jaundice secondary to cirrhosis.What is the most likely cause of this condition?

A) Bacterial infection
B) Viral infection
C) Alcoholic steatohepatitis
D) Drug overdose

Question 29

A patient presents to the physician with reports infrequent bowel movements and is diagnosed with functional constipation.What can be a contributing factor to this condition? (Select all that apply.)

A) Neurogenic disorder
B) Sedentary lifestyle
C) Low residue diet
D) Colon cancer
E) Low fluid intake

Question 30

A 54 year old reports vomiting blood.Tests reveal portal hypertension.Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?

A) Thrombosis in the spleen
B) Cirrhosis of the liver
C) Left ventricular failure
D) Renal stenosis

Question 31

A 19 year old presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant.Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever.A possible diagnosis would be:

A) colon cancer.
B) pancreatitis.
C) appendicitis.
D) hepatitis.

Question 32

The icteric phase of hepatitis is characterized by which clinical manifestations?

A) Fatigue, malaise, vomiting
B) Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver
C) Resolution of jaundice, liver function returns to normal
D) Fulminant liver failure, hepatorenal syndrome

Question 33

A common cause of chronic mesenteric ischemia among the elderly is:

A) anemia.
B) aneurysm.
C) lack of nutrition in gut lumen.
D) atherosclerosis.

Question 34

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding.

A) rectal
B) duodenal
C) esophageal
D) intestinal

Question 35

In alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage is caused by:

A) acetaldehyde accumulation.
B) bile toxicity.
C) acidosis.
D) fatty infiltrations.

Question 36

Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions?

A) Right lower quadrant
B) Right upper quadrant
C) Epigastric
D) Suprapubic

Question 37

A 55 year old is diagnosed with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice that is a result of the obstruction of the:

A) intrahepatic bile canaliculi.
B) gallbladder.
C) cystic duct.
D) common bile duct.

Question 38

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall usually caused by:

A) accumulation of bile in the hepatic duct.
B) obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone.
C) accumulation of fat in the wall of the gallbladder.
D) viral infection of the gallbladder.

Question 39

An analysis of most gallstones would reveal a high concentration of:

A) phosphate.
B) bilirubin.
C) urate.
D) cholesterol.

Question 40

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.Which of the following factors most likely contributed to his disease?

A) Reflux esophagitis
B) Intestinal parasites
C) Ingestion of salty foods
D) Frequent use of antacids

Question 41

A 56 year old is diagnosed with gastric ulcers.Which of the following characterizes this disorder? (Select all that apply.)

A) Pain occurs immediately after eating.
B) Anorexia.
C) History of NSAID use.
D) Occurrence is typically a single event.
E) Occur more frequently in females.

Question 42

A 52-year-old female presents with continuous abdominal pain that intensifies after eating.She is diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis.Contributing factors include: (Select all that apply.)

A) alcohol abuse.
B) history of gallstones.
C) trauma.
D) smoking.
E) bulimia

Question 43

Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than _____.

Question 44

A 31-year-old female is diagnosed with acute pancreatitis.Which of the following will be part of the treatment plan? (Select all that apply.)

A) Narcotic analgesics
B) Restriction of food intake
C) Nasogastric suctioning
D) Steroid therapy
E) IV fluids

Question 45

Which of the following type(s) of hepatitis has an incubation period of up to 180 days? (Select all that apply.)

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E