Deck 11: Groups and Individuals: the Consequences of Belonging

Question 1

The idea that our evolutionary history is one of a necessary reliance on each other for collective action and information-sharing is called .

A)obligatory interdependence
B)group sharing
C)inclusive fitness

Answer 1

obligatory interdependence

Question 2

According to Diener & Oishi 2005),among the very best predictors of level of happiness among the population is .

A)degree of connectedness to others
B)ability to compete for scarce resources
C)ability to cooperatively participate in group projects
D)being born into a fitting racial and gender group
E)being liked by high-status group members

Answer 2

degree of connectedness to others

Question 3

Cohesiveness consists of .

A)all the benefits of group membership minus all the costs of group membership
B)all the factors that cause group members to remain members of the group
C)all the factors within a group that lead members to overvalue decisions made by the group and undervalue decisions made by individuals who are not part of the group
D)all the factors that encourage group members to leave the group
E)all the factors within a group that work to minimize conflict between members

Answer 3

all the factors that cause group members to remain members of the group

Question 4

Ahmed belongs to his university's Student Senate,a group that is high in entitativity.It is likely that Ahmed feels that the Student Senate .

A)is unlikely to be stereotyped
B)is of great consequence to him
C)uses too much political jargon

Question 5

William joined a small fraternity at his college.The initiation he faced was quite severe and somewhat dangerous.Now,he's a senior member of the fraternity and the college is investigating the fraternity for possible violations of the college's hazing policy.As a result,William finds that .

A)fraternity members do not identify as strongly with the group as they once did
B)the fraternity's cohesiveness has substantially increased
C)the fraternity's cohesiveness has substantially decreased
D)William's status within the fraternity has declined sharply
E)recruitment for new members is becoming increasingly difficult

Question 6

The genetic code for levels of are likely to be passed along than genetic code for an)group life.

A)greater; group affinity; more; poor fit to
B)lesser; group affinity; more; good fit to
C)greater; individual survival skills; more; poor fit to
D)greater; peer competitiveness; less; unwillingness to engage in
E)very low; personal affinity; less; rejection of

Question 7

In collectivist cultures,people tend to work harder when in a group than they do when alone because .

A)men are more likely to be part of a work team
B)women are more likely to be part of a work team
C)the collective good is more highly valued than individual accomplishment
D)individual accomplishment is more highly valued than the collective good
E)there is greater concern for the welfare of others

Question 8

YouTube,as a group,has for many of its members.

A)considerable entitativity
B)mostly a monetary attraction
C)few obstacles to high status

Question 9

Cohesiveness causes group members to have when there is a from in)an outgroup.

A)higher morality; gift
B)higher commitment; competitive threat
C)a higher inclusion of outsiders; lack of cohesiveness
D)lower attraction to ingroup members; competitive threat
E)higher commitment; cooperative offering

Question 10

John has violated a norm in his group,while Li Qing has violated one in her group.We would more likely expect for John,and for Li Qing.

A)individualist; collectivist; approval; disapproval
B)individualist; collectivist; disapproval; admiration
C)cohesive; heterogeneous; admiration; disapproval
D)normative; deviant; higher status; lower status
E)risky; risk-averse; disdain; admiration

Question 11

The set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform is .

A)reciprocity
B)a norm
C)a role

Question 12

One benefit of group membership is that belonging to a group increases our self-knowledge because group memberships .

A)help us reach important goals
B)place limits on our behavior
C)become part of our self-concept

Question 13

To the extent that people a role,they may come to feel that role-based behaviors reflect their self.

A)internalize; authentic
B)resist; unacknowledged
C)affect; inauthentic

Question 14

Entitativity refers to .

A)the factors that cause group members to remain in the group
B)the collection of goals and outcomes that is common to all group members
C)the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity
D)a psychological state marked by reduced self-awareness and reduced social identity
E)the extent to which group members are similar to one another in meaningful ways

Question 15

Omri,in his professional association,serves informally as a kind of "father confessor," listening attentively to members of that group.This best reflects inof)the group.

A)his role
B)the status he as attained
C)an unstated norm

Question 16

Members of a group are linked by face-to-face interaction.

A)common-bond
B)common-identity
C)national

Question 17

When individuals achieve higher status in a group,their behavior may become .

A)highly compliant
B)idiosyncratic
C)cohesive with others

Question 18

Norms are .

A)the behaviors that groups use to establish their relationship with other groups
B)the rules within a group that indicate how its members should or should not behave
C)one's position or rank within a group
D)the behaviors that individuals who occupy specific positions within a group are expected to perform
E)the rules that specify how a group is to become cohesive

Question 19

One's position or rank within a group is one's .

A)situation
B)status
C)norm

Question 20

Personal attributes such as appear to play a role in acquiring higher status.

A)height
B)size of forehead
C)usage of abstract words

Question 21

According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation,an audience will .

A)have no effect on highly skilled individuals and improve the performance of less skillful individuals
B)improve the performance of less skillful individuals and have no effect on the performance of less skillful individuals
C)improve the performance of less skillful individuals and interfere with the performance of highly skilled individuals
D)improve the performance of highly skilled individuals and have no effect on the performance of highly skilled individuals
E)improve the performance of highly skilled individuals and interfere with the performance of less skillful individuals

Question 22

According to recent research by Sani and Todman 2003),groups splinter when current members perceive that the group has changed so much that it is no longer the same group they joined and that .

A)there is no chance of reversing the change that has occurred
B)the change is not detrimental to group cohesiveness
C)the change is about to be reversed dramatically
D)the change is not widely recognized
E)there is no chance of accelerating the change that has occurred

Question 23

One of the costs of group membership is .

A)reducing the group's bargaining power
B)limiting members' personal freedom
C)limiting individual satisfaction with group

Question 24

John is learning to play the guitar.He is in the process of mastering several new songs.From the perspective of Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation,John should .

A)practice when others are present until mastery is achieved
B)practice and perform only in the presence of others
C)practice alone until partial mastery is achieved,then practice in the presence of others
D)attempt to become unaware of the presence of others
E)practice alone until mastery is achieved,and then perform in the presence of others

Question 25

Members tend to withdraw from a group .

A)when deindividuation occurs
B)when entitativity is too low
C)when identification with the group is too strong
D)when dissent is not perceived as authentic
E)when social loafing is identified

Question 26

We value lower power groups when we .

A)are feeling more cautious and insecure
B)are more interested in self-promotion
C)think we might attain higher status within the group

Question 27

In an experiment Aronson and Mills,1959)people read,out loud,embarrassing material or non- embarrassing material,as part of an initiation to get into a desirable group.People who read the embarrassing material were likely to .

A)show greater liking for the group when asked later
B)blame higher-status more than lower status)members for their embarrassment
C)express a wish to engage in embarrassing future applicants for group membership
D)soon leave the group because of bitter feelings about their initiation
E)soon argue to group members that the embarrassing initiations should be stopped

Question 28

George has been asked to join a "secret society" similar to a small fraternity)at his college.This group's initiation rituals are quite severe and somewhat dangerous.In addition,members tend to identify strongly with the group.If George decides to join,he can expect that .

A)the group is not very cohesive
B)members tend to leave the group shortly after being initiated as members
C)higher-status members tend to break away from the group more easily than do low-status members
D)members are very unlikely to leave the group after they have joined
E)members tend to belong to the group for a while,then drift away

Question 29

The choice to withdraw from a group is based in part on the conclusion that other group members .

A)have withdrawn their support from the group
B)can no longer be included within the self-concept
C)have not changed sufficiently to maintain group cohesiveness
D)have violated important group norms concerning procedural justice
E)can no longer be accepted uncritically

Question 30

According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation,an audience increases our level of physiological arousal.This,in turn,increases the likelihood that .

A)dominant responses will occur
B)recessive responses will occur
C)social responses will occur

Question 31

The Church of England suffered a due to policy changes regarding the ordination of women as priests.

A)schism
B)factionalizing
C)doctrinal dispute

Question 32

According to Distraction-Conflict Theory,the presence of others produces increased arousal because .

A)of the mere physical presence of the audience
B)of our desire to be evaluated positively by others,causing evaluation apprehension
C)of our efforts to pay attention to both the audience and the task being performed
D)an audience widens the focus of our attention
E)of our uniquely human cognitive abilities

Question 33

As a result of recognizing shared grievances,members of devalued groups can develop an) and .

A)politicized collective identity; win better treatment for their group
B)thick skin; reduce their collective resentment
C)organized approach; improve group entitativity
D)appeal to sympathetic allies; seek appropriate funding
E)reach out to other stigmatized groups; form coalitions with them

Question 34

Dominant responses are .

A)responses that are incorrect for a specific situation
B)responses that are most likely to occur in specific situations
C)responses that are least likely to occur in a given situation
D)responses that are most likely to occur in a given situation
E)responses that are least likely to occur in specific situations

Question 35

Additive tasks are .

A)tasks for which the group product is less than the combination of the individual members' efforts
B)tasks for which the group as a whole can be held accountable but individual members cannot
C)tasks for which the group product is the sum of the individual members' efforts
D)tasks for which the group product is more than the combination of the individual members' efforts
E)tasks for which group members can be held individually accountable

Question 36

Individuals who join groups because they seek to help others and increase their understanding of others are generally motivated by .

A)other-transcendence
B)self-enhancement
C)self-transcendence

Question 37

Part of what makes a group entitative is the similar philosophical and political values,i.e., ,of its members.

A)norms
B)ideology
C)traditions

Question 38

When people work on relatively simple,well-known tasks,an audience .

A)causes performance to suffer for most people
B)improves performance for most people
C)will cause performance to suffer for introverts but not extroverts
D)has no effect on the performance of most people
E)will cause improvement to performance for extroverts but not introverts

Question 39

Zajonc and others 1969)found that cockroaches would run a simple maze faster when other cockroaches are present.This finding suggests that .

A)the type of audience one has is less important than the fact that one has an audience
B)all organisms experience some form of evaluation apprehension when others are present
C)the presence of an audience may lead to cognitive load,causing actors to narrow their attention to the most important parts of a task to be performed
D)divided attention is harmful to task performance because it allows individuals to over-think their actions
E)the best performances will occur when an audience is present but the performers are unaware of the audience or their reactions

Question 40

According to social facilitation theories,people's thoughts,feelings and behaviors can be affected by thea).

A)presence of others
B)presence of attractive others
C)presence of higher-status others

Question 41

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by .

A)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
B)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
C)holding periodic "pep rallies" for themselves in which each group member becomes increasingly committed to the project and its outcome
D)stressing the cooperative and relaxed nature of the project
E)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper

Question 42

Jason,Paul,and Mark are working on a group project for their social psychology class.Jason believes that Paul is not doing as much work on the project as he and Mark are doing.If Jason is accurate in his perception,Paul is engaging in .

A)distraction-conflict action
B)social loafing
C)reciprocity

Question 43

The prisoner's dilemma involves .

A)a situation in which cooperation between two people results in large losses,but competition results in small losses or gains
B)a situation in which neither competition nor cooperation can lead to large gains,but may lead to losses
C)a situation in which neither competition nor cooperation can lead to losses,but one or the other may lead to large gains
D)a situation in which cooperation between two people results in large gains,but if they both compete,they both lose
E)a situation in which competition between two people results in large gains,but cooperation results in small gains or losses

Question 44

Social loafing is reduced when .

A)two or more group members can make the same contribution to the task
B)group members' commitment to the group's success is reduced
C)each participant's effort is readily identifiable
D)the apparent value of the task is minimized
E)the group is composed of both male and female members

Question 45

A cooperative orientation towards social dilemmas involves .

A)a preference for ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are superior to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
B)a preference for maximizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma
C)a preference for ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are at least equal to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
D)a preference for maximizing an individual's own outcomes in the dilemma
E)a preference for minimizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma

Question 46

A competitive orientation towards social dilemmas involves .

A)a preference for ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are at least equal to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
B)a preference for ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are superior to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
C)a preference for maximizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma
D)a preference for minimizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma
E)a preference for maximizing an individual's own outcomes in the dilemma

Question 47

A social dilemma is .

A)a situation in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by acting in one way,but at the expense of other persons
B)a situation in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by acting in a selfish manner,but if most persons do so,the outcomes experienced by all are reduced
C)a situation in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by working against other persons when they attempt to cooperate with each other
D)a situation in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by competing with other persons but not by cooperating with them
E)a situation in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by cooperating with other persons but not by competing with them

Question 48

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by .

A)emphasizing a cooperative and relaxed approach to the project
B)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
C)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
D)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper
E)ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and to the members

Question 49

Being part of a large crowd and experiencing deindividuation .

A)increases the probability that crowd members will follow the norms of the crowd
B)decreases the probability that individual crowd members will engage in wild or unruly behavior
C)increases the probability that individual crowd members will engage in altruistic behavior
D)decreases the probability that crowd members will follow the norms of the crowd
E)increases the probability that individual crowd members will engage in negative,destructive behavior

Question 50

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by .

A)stressing the cooperative nature of,and open-ended scheduling built into,the project
B)ensuring that each member of the group contributes something that is different from the contribution of each other team member
C)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
D)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
E)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper

Question 51

Social loafing is reduced when .

A)the group is composed of both male and female members
B)each participant's effort is blended with other people's efforts in such a way that any participant's effort is indistinguishable from that of others
C)group members' commitment to the group's success is increased
D)two or more group members can make the same contribution to the task
E)the apparent value of the task is minimized

Question 52

Social loafing is reduced when .

A)two or more group members can make the same contribution to the task
B)group members' commitment to the group's success is decreased
C)the apparent value of the task is maximized
D)the group is composed of both male and female members
E)each participant's effort is blended with other people's efforts in such a way that any participant's effort is indistinguishable from that of others

Question 53

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by .

A)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
B)having each team member initial the parts of the paper she or he completed
C)emphasizing the group nature of the project,and encouraging a relaxed cooperative approach to the task
D)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper
E)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class

Question 54

Social loafing is reduced when .

A)each group member makes a unique contribution to the task
B)the group is composed of both male and female members
C)group members' commitment to the group's success is decreased
D)each participant's effort is blended with other people's efforts in such a way that any participant's effort is indistinguishable from that of others
E)the apparent value of the task is minimized

Question 55

When individuals are part of a large crowd,they tend .

A)to become increasingly aware of their individuality
B)to act as if they were in a much smaller group
C)to restrain many impulsive behavioral urges that arise
D)to lose their individuality
E)to do the same things they do when alone

Question 56

Social loafing is .

A)a disincentive for being part of a highly cohesive group
B)an increase in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group
C)avoided when individual-level accountability for group performance is absent
D)a reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group
E)a reward for being part of a highly cohesive group

Question 57

Deindividuation is .

A)a psychological state that is marked by decreased self-awareness and increased social identity brought on by internal conditions
B)a psychological state that is characterized by increased self-awareness and increased social facilitation brought on by external conditions
C)a psychological state that is characterized by decreased self-awareness and increased social isolation brought on by internal conditions
D)a psychological state that is characterized by increased self-awareness and strengthened social identity brought on by internal conditions
E)a psychological state that is marked by decreased self-awareness and increased influence of the social norms of the group

Question 58

Roger,Sabiha,Emily,and George are working on a group paper for a class.How would one go about reducing the likelihood of Emily engaging social loafing?

A)Convince Emily that her contribution is unique.
B)Have Sabiha confront Emily about her performance.
C)Limit Emily's input into group decision-making processes.
D)Ask Emily to demonstrate her competence to complete the task.
E)Convince Emily to quit worrying about the eventual quality of the paper.

Question 59

Cooperation is .

A)behavior in which individuals work in parallel with others to achieve common goals
B)behavior in which groups of people work together to achieve shared goals
C)behavior in which groups of people are persuaded to work towards a single goal
D)behavior in which groups of people work together to achieve one individual's goals
E)behavior in which individuals work in succession to others to achieve common goals

Question 60

When individuals feel anonymous,they experience .

A)a reduction in self-awareness and a reduction in their social identity
B)a reduction in self-awareness and an increase in their social identity
C)a reduction in self-awareness and no change in their social identity
D)an increase in self-awareness and a reduction in their social identity
E)an increase in self-awareness and an increase in their social identity

Question 61

Conflict is .

A)a situation in which two or more individuals or groups are attempting to obtain the same goal that only one can achieve
B)a process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will take actions that are incompatible with their own interests
C)a situation in which the goals of one individual or group are incompatible with the goals of another individual or group
D)a process that leads to a situation in which individuals' goals are incompatible with others' goals
E)a process that leads to a situation in which one group's goals are incompatible with another's goals

Question 62

Though the unfairness of her boss not outrageous,Deborah is disgusted with the impoliteness with which minor slights are administered.She may try to correct these feelings of unfairness by .

A)trying to alter the personality traits of her boss
B)using covert techniques in order to settle the score
C)attempting to change the general procedures at her place of employment
D)refusing to change her perceptions about the situation
E)directly approaching her boss and openly discussing her feelings

Question 63

One primary goal in negotiating with an individual or a group is to .

A)reduce the opposing side's aspirations
B)provide misleading information to an opponent
C)maximize the gains for one side while minimizing the gains for the opposition
D)find common ground on which both sides can initially agree
E)interfere with the opposition's support and information networks

Question 64

Thinking about status appears to influence the importance group members attach to .

A)equity
B)procedural justice
C)distributive justice

Question 65

Integrative agreements .

A)satisfy the major requirements of both groups without concern for minor or less-important differences
B)attempt to transform win-lose negotiations into win-win situations
C)provide greater joint benefits than simple compromise
D)merge the positions of two or more individuals or groups,thereby minimizing conflict
E)bring dissenting groups together for negotiations

Question 66

When individuals don't have all the information needed to make judgments about the fairness of a particular situation,they tend to rely on as an indication of fairness.

A)their internal,personal biases
B)the self-serving bias
C)their current affective state

Question 67

Superordinate goals are .

A)goals that both sides to a conflict seek and that tie the two sides' interests together
B)goals that are so important to one or another group that compromise is not possible
C)goals that individual group members think are more important than their group's overall goals
D)goals that can only be satisfied through nonspecific compensation
E)goals that are ordinarily achieved by bridging

Question 68

Group polarization involves .

A)the tendency of some group members to shift from one extreme position to another,depending on the views of the group's leadership
B)the tendency of group members to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held as a result of group discussion
C)the tendency of groups to attract members who initially agree with the group's position,and then to take that agreement to extreme levels
D)the tendency of some individuals to take a charismatic leadership position within a group
E)the tendency of groups to segregate dissenting members into different "camps" prior to the group's splintering into separate groups

Question 69

Strongly cohesive groups may assume that their decisions can't be incorrect and to put pressure on all group members to strongly support the group's decisions.This is known as .

A)a social dilemma
B)groupthink
C)deindividuation

Question 70

Distributive justice refers to .

A)individuals' judgments about the individuals who decide which group members receive rewards and the ways in which those rewards are presented
B)individuals' judgments about whether the rewards they receive are proportionate to the contributions they have made
C)individuals' judgments concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards to group members
D)individuals' judgments about whether the rewards they receive are the same as the rewards received by other group members
E)individuals' judgments about whether the decisions relating to the distribution of rewards have been adequately explained and distribution was courteous

Question 71

Bargaining is .

A)a process in which opposing sides exchange offers,counteroffers,and concessions,either directly or through representatives
B)a process by which one individual or group attempts to strengthen it's relatively weak position by offering a concession to the dominant individual or group
C)a process in which opposing sides exchange token gifts in order to facilitate negotiations
D)a process in which opposing sides attempt to resolve conflicts by maximizing the rewards received by both sides,either directly or through representatives
E)a process in which opposing sides attempt to argue for the other's position in order to develop more effective counterarguments

Question 72

The extent to which the ratio of contributions by group members to the rewards they receive should be for all group members in order for us to believe that exists.

A)the same; distributive justice
B)the same; transactional justice
C)the same; interactional justice

Question 73

Most people tend to perform relatively simple,over-learned tasks when they have an attentive audience.

Question 74

Entiativity is the extent to which a group is perceived as being a entity.

Question 75

Procedural justice involves .

A)individuals' judgments about whether the rewards they receive are proportionate to the contributions they have made
B)individuals' judgments about whether the decisions relating to the distribution of rewards have been adequately explained and distribution was courteous
C)individuals' judgments about whether the rewards they receive are the same as the rewards received by other group members
D)individuals' judgments about the individuals who decide which group members receive rewards and the ways in which those rewards are presented
E)individuals' judgments concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members

Question 76

Group decision-making involves .

A)the process involved in selecting one of several different social decision schemes on which to base resulting group decisions
B)the process involved in encouraging group members to shift their opinions in one direction or another
C)the process involved in determining which possible decision is supported by a majority of the group's members
D)the processes involved with convincing a majority of the group's members to pursue the same course of action
E)the processes involved with combining and integrating available information in order to choose one of several different courses of action

Question 77

One benefit of group membership is that belonging to a group may provide us with .

Question 78

When it comes to decisions,Ilene thinks she is bolder than her coworkers.In a recent meeting,she discovered that other workers in the office favored even bolder decisions.As a result,Ilene shifted toward an even bolder position herself.The process underlying Ilene's change is .

A)social cohesiveness
B)groupthink
C)a lack of understanding about the content of the decisions
D)evaluation apprehension
E)social comparison

Question 79

are the rules that determine how we ought to behave in our group.

Question 80

Transactional justice involves .

A)individuals' judgments concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members
B)individuals' judgments about whether the rewards they receive are the same as the rewards received by other group members
C)individuals' judgments about the individuals who decide which group members receive rewards and the ways in which those rewards are presented
D)individuals' judgments about whether the rewards they receive are proportionate to the contributions they have made
E)individuals' judgments about whether the decisions relating to the distribution of rewards have been adequately explained and distribution was courteous