Deck 23: Systematics, Phylogenies, and Comparative Biology

Question 1

A derived character that is shared by all members of a clade is called a ______________ of that clade.

Answer 1

synapomorphy

Question 2

Based on the phylogeny shown, the group of species including (2-5) can best be described as a

A)clade.
B)paraphyletic group.
C)polyphyletic group.
D)cladogram.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The biological specialty that deals with the reconstruction and study of phylogenies is called _________.

Answer 3

systematics

Question 4

Saber teeth found in different groups of extinct carnivorous mammals are considered ___________ structures, as the fossil record shows that saber teeth evolved independently among the groups.

Question 5

The principle of ______________ favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions.

Question 6

The behavior of parental care exhibited by dinosaurs is thought to be __________ to this behavior in crocodiles and birds because phylogeny shows that these three groups share a common ancestor.

Question 7

One day after a biology class four of your friends argue about the difference between phylogeny and systematics.Which friend is right?

A)Friend A states that systematics and phylogenies are really the same, one is more recent than the other, but basically they are the same.
B)Friend B says that systematics is the same as cladistics and cladistics is reconstructing clades, which ultimately lead to the development of phylogenies.
C)Friend C argues that systematics is the actual collecting and cataloguing of specimens into museums that can be used later by scientists to construct clades and phylogenies.
D)Friend D says that the way she remembers is that systematics is the reconstruction and study of phylogenies.

Question 8

A ______________ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Question 9

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, while "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 10

A ______________ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants.

Question 11

The study and reconstruction of phylogenies is

A)evolution.
B)systematics.
C)taxonomy.
D)taxidermy.

Question 12

Based on the phylogeny shown, we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to species

A)1.
B)3.
C)4.
D)5.

Question 13

Derived character states shared by clade members are called

A)ancestral traits.
B)homoplasies.
C)synapomorphies.
D)plesiomorphies.

Question 14

Based on the phylogeny shown, the outgroup would be species

A)1.
B)2.
C)3.
D)4.

Question 15

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called

A)homologous characters.
B)homoplastic characters.
C)ancestral characters.
D)derived characters.

Question 16

The following are steps used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species.Which step involves deciding which tree is most likely to have occurred, based on the fewest character state changes?

A)Polarize the characters.
B)Establish the character states.
C)Gather data on characters to be used.
D)Apply the principle of parsimony.

Question 17

A ______________ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 18

Choose the true statement about the morphological data in the chart shown below.The "1" in the box means the trait is present and the "0" indicates that the trait is absent.(Note: All of the characteristics across the top of the columns are considered "TRAITS" for purposes of reading the chart.).

A)All organisms in this chart share all of the derived characteristics.
B)Only the gorilla and humans share all of the derived characteristics.
C)The lamprey is the only outgroup since it has none of the derived characteristics.
D)The salamander and the tiger together are the outgroup because they only share two of the derived characteristics (jaws and lungs).

Question 19

Evidence suggests that the crocodiles are more closely related to the birds than the turtles and snakes.If so, then including crocodiles, but not birds, in the Class Reptilia would make the Class Reptilia

A)a monophyletic group.
B)a paraphyletic group.
C)a polyphyletic group.
D)parsimonious.

Question 20

Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor and several homologous traits.Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals and their common ancestor would represent

A)a polyphyletic group.
B)a monophyletic group.
C)homoplastic convergence.
D)an outgroup.

Question 21

A group is considered monophyletic if

A)all members of the group share a common ancestor that is included in the group.
B)not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.
C)all members share homoplastic traits.
D)the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Question 22

Assume that the ancestor of this phylogeny had vascular tissue and chlorophyll.If this is true, which answer lists all key traits of a ginkgo?

A)vascular tissue, needles, tree, and chlorophyll
B)tree and seeds
C)seeds, tree, vascular tissue, and chlorophyll
D)needles, tree, and seeds

Question 23

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 6
B)1 and 4
C)4 and 6
D)2 and 3

Question 24

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, while "1" indicates the derived condition.Based on this data, which species would be considered the outgroup?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 25

Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 4
B)2 and 3
C)2 and 4
D)6 and 4

Question 26

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, while a "1" indicates the derived condition.Based on this data, which pair of species diverged most recently?

A)1 and 4
B)2 and 3
C)2 and 4
D)6 and 4

Question 27

Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 3
B)6 and 4
C)6 and 5
D)2 and 3

Question 28

Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)4 and 2
B)5 and 4
C)6 and 1
D)6 and 2

Question 29

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)4 and 5
B)2 and 4
C)1 and 4
D)3 and 4

Question 30

Based on the phylogeny shown, choose the true statement about evolutionary relationships.

A)Ginkgo is more closely related to oak than rose.
B)Oak is equally related to rose and pine.
C)Fern is more closely related to pine than to rose.
D)Fern is equally related to ginkgo and oak.

Question 31

A group is considered paraphyletic if

A)all members of the group share a common ancestor.
B)not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.
C)the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group.
D)the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Question 32

The evolution of conducting tubes (sieve tubes) in land plants and brown algae is an example of

A)homoplasy caused by convergence.
B)homoplasy caused by common descent.
C)homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.
D)homology caused by convergence.

Question 33

Based on the phylogeny shown, choose the true statements about evolutionary relationships (Select all that apply)._____ A snake is more closely related to a newt than to a mouse.__X__ A newt is equally related to a snake and a chimp.__X__ A mouse is more closely related to a chimp than to a snake._____ A salamander is more closely related to a mouse than to a chimp.

Question 34

Consider the cladogram shown.Based on this cladogram, which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 35

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A)1 and 4
B)6 and 3
C)6 and 1
D)5 and 6

Question 36

The evolution of saber teeth in a number of groups of extinct carnivorous mammals is an example of

A)homoplasy caused by convergence.
B)homoplasy caused by common descent.
C)homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.
D)homology caused by convergence.

Question 37

The phylogenetic species concept (PSC) declares that a group is a species if it

A)is reproductively isolated from other species.
B)has evolved one or more of its own derived characters.
C)looks different than other species.
D)is allopatric.

Question 38

A group is considered polyphyletic if

A)all members of the group share a common ancestor.
B)not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.
C)all members share homoplastic traits.
D)the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Question 39

Based on the phylogeny shown, which characteristic is homoplastic?

A)tree
B)needles
C)flowers
D)seeds

Question 40

The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D