Deck 22: The Origin of Species

Question 1

Evolution acts at the level of the

A)ecosystem.
B)population.
C)species.
D)community.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Many species might coexist in a particular environment by occupying different ecological rev: 11_18_2013_QC_40588

A)biomes.
B)niches.
C)territories.
D)domains.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the biological species concept, two groups of organisms that are unable to form fertile, viable hybrids are considered to be different

A)races.
B)species.
C)kingdoms.
D)hybrids.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If populations within the same area split into species, the process is known as

A)sympatric speciation.
B)allopatric speciation.
C)racial speciation.
D)ecotypical speciation.

Question 5

If species are competing for the same resource, one species is likely to go extinct through competitive exclusion, or natural selection will drive the evolution of

A)prezygotic isolating mechanisms.
B)hybrids.
C)character displacement.
D)polyploid individuals.

Question 6

Which isolating mechanism is postzygotic?

A)hybrid sterility
B)behavioral isolation
C)ecological isolation
D)mechanical isolation

Question 7

A type of isolating mechanism that leads to reproductive isolation after a hybrid zygote has formed is called a _____________ isolating mechanism.

A)hybridization
B)postzygotic
C)prezygotic
D)adaptive

Question 8

The model that assumes that evolution proceeds with slow successive change in a given evolutionary line is referred to as

A)successive descent model.
B)punctuated equilibrium.
C)gradualism.
D)the allopatric model.

Question 9

In 1938, scientists found a population of coelacanths in the Indian Ocean.This fish species is considered a "living fossil" and appears not to have changed morphologically for 80 million years.This discovery supports the ___________ model of evolution.

A)gradualism
B)punctuated equilibrium
C)adaptation
D)natural selection

Question 10

Scientists found that different beak shapes correlate with different mating songs in Darwin's finches.Which hypothesis does this support?

A)Darwin's finches are not different species according to the Biological Species Concept.
B)Adaptation to different food sources led to behavioral isolation in Darwin's finches.
C)Mating songs are primarily determined by the acoustics of different beaks.
D)Adaptation to different food sources likely occurred after reproductive isolation in Darwin's finches.

Question 11

Hybridization regularly occurs between three species of Darwin's finches on Daphne Major, but the finches are still considered different species because

A)they have different fitnesses.
B)they are reproductively isolated.
C)they are mechanically isolated.
D)they occupy different niches.

Question 12

The hundreds of species of Drosophila in Hawaii exhibit different mating rituals.This isolating mechanism is

A)prezygotic and behavioral.
B)prezygotic and temporal.
C)prezygotic and geographical.
D)postzygotic and mechanical.

Question 13

Once species have formed, they keep their identity by

A)developmental differences.
B)genetic blocks.
C)isolating mechanisms.
D)somatic mutations.

Question 14

Scientists studying a group of related bird species on an island archipelago discover that these species are always more closely related to each other within an island than they are between any two islands.The most likely explanation for this result is that

A)each bird species evolved different adaptations in allopatry and then colonized the other islands.
B)one bird species colonized each island and then evolved into distinct species on that island through character displacement.
C)each bird species became reproductively isolated by living on a different island, then later colonized the other islands and acquired new adaptations.
D)many ancestral bird species colonized each island.

Question 15

When species are kept separate by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, the mechanism that keeps the species separate is known as a _____________ isolating mechanism.

A)hybridization
B)postzygotic
C)prezygotic
D)adaptive

Question 16

The type of speciation that results in the formation of separate species as a result of geographic isolation is called ____________ speciation.

A)gradual
B)sympatric
C)allopatric
D)sexual

Question 17

The __________ __________ model assumes that evolution occurs in spurts, between which there are long periods of stasis with little evolutionary change.

Question 18

In the southeastern U.S., two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids, because they bloom at different seasons.The means of isolation appears to be

A)postzygotic and behavioral.
B)prezygotic and temporal.
C)prezygotic and geographical.
D)prezygotic and mechanical.

Question 19

Scientists observed that marine bryozoan fossils lack intermediate forms.This evidence supports which hypotheses? Check all that apply.__X__ Evolution occurs in spurts, alternating with long periods of little change._____ Evolution proceeds steadily, with gradual, incremental change in a given evolutionary line.__X__ There is variability in the rate of evolution._____ Evolution proceeds at a constant rate that is the same for all organisms.

Question 20

Males of many marsupial species have forked penises that are incompatible with the anatomy of female placental mammals.What type of isolating mechanism does this represent?

A)ecological isolation
B)temporal isolation
C)mechanical incompatibility
D)hybrid sterility

Question 21

If a new species is produced by the interbreeding of two members of distinct species, this would be __________ speciation achieved via _________.

A)allopatric; autopolyploidy
B)allopatric; allopolyploidy
C)sympatric; autopolyploidy
D)sympatric; allopolyploidy

Question 22

Punctuated equilibrium proposed by Eldredge and Gould in 1972 is an evolutionary process that involves

A)gradual change observable in the fossil record with very little, if any, stasis.
B)"spurts" of change observable in the fossil record followed by periods of stasis.
C)gradual change observable in the fossil record followed by periods of stasis.
D)"spurts" of change observable in the fossil record with very little if any stasis.

Question 23

Which is an example of temporal isolation?

A)one plant species blooms in June-July and a second plant species blooms in August-September.
B)one plant species is pollinated by bees and a second plant species is pollinated by moths.
C)two plant species live on the same mountainside, but one lives on rocky outcrops and the other in open meadows.
D)two plant species have incompatible gametes.

Question 24

The sunflower species Helianthus anomalus is thought to have been formed by hybridization between the sunflower species H.petiolaris and H.annuus because it contains a set of chromsomes from both parental species.H.anomalus is most likely an example of instantaneous speciation through

A)allopolyploidy.
B)autopolyploidy.
C)parthenogenesis.
D)hybrid sterility.

Question 25

Very rapid speciation occurred when cichlid fishes were isolated in Lake Victoria.Widespread extinction was dramatically seen when

A)artificial selection stopped.
B)predatory fish were added.
C)hybridization stopped.
D)fishing was prohibited.

Question 26

Adaptive radiation is best described as the

A)existence of groups of closely related species recently evolved from a common ancestor.
B)existence of groups of distantly related species recently evolved from a common ancestor.
C)existence of groups of closely related species recently evolved from different ancestors through hybridization.
D)existence of individuals of closely related species that originated in different areas within diverse habitats, but that have rejoined as a single species.

Question 27

If two species are able to mate and produce an offspring which can mate with itself, but is unable to mate with either parent's species, it is an example of

A)allopatric speciation.
B)sympatric speciation via disruptive selection.
C)sympatric speciation via polyploidy.
D)a species cluster.

Question 28

Choose the best cause and effect sequence for the process of speciation by natural selection.

A)Variation --> Selection --> Reproductive Isolation --> Mutation --> Speciation
B)Mutation --> Variation --> Selection --> Reproductive Isolation --> Speciation
C)Speciation --> Reproductive Isolation --> Selection --> Mutation --> Variation
D)Variation --> Reproductive Isolation --> Speciation --> Mutation --> Selection

Question 29

Lake Victoria is famous for its variety of cichlid fishes.In fact, they offer the most diverse assembly of vertebrates presently known to science.One trait that scientists have focused on as one possible reason for their adaptability is

A)a second set of scales that lie beneath the top outermost scales.
B)a second set of jaws in their throats.
C)gill arches that are not covered by an operculum, which prevents hiding places for gill parasites.
D)digestive tracts that are able to process most substrates, which has eliminated the need for feeding specialization.

Question 30

The most common mechanism for sympatric speciation in plants is

A)polyploidy.
B)geographic isolation.
C)spontaneous mutation.
D)punctuated equilibrium.

Question 31

Due to character displacement, two closely related species may differ most morphologically when they

A)are allopatric.
B)are sympatric.
C)occupy the same niche.
D)occupy different niches.

Question 32

Studies of snapping shrimp on either side of the Isthmus of Panama have shown that each Caribbean shrimp species is more closely related to a Pacific shrimp species than it is to any other Caribbean shrimp species.The most likely explanation for this result is

A)snapping shrimp in the Caribbean and the Pacific were never part of the same population.
B)snapping shrimp species in each ocean diverged prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.
C)snapping shrimp species in each ocean diverged after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.
D)creation of the Panama Canal allowed interbreeding between populations of shrimp.

Question 33

Many male songbirds have very distinctive songs that are used to attract females.These songs are an example of a ________ isolating mechanism.

A)postzygotic, ecological
B)prezygotic, behavioral
C)prezygotic, temporal
D)postzygotic, mechanical

Question 34

Two bird species have different mating calls, occupy different habitats in nature, and when they hybridize, the hybrids are infertile.Which isolating mechanisms maintain these species?

A)ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, and hybrid sterility
B)mechanical isolation, hybrid sterility, geographical isolation
C)ecological isolation, mechanical isolation, hybrid sterility
D)geographical isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation

Question 35

Imagine two species of birds with similar beak sizes and diets.Where the two species are allopatric, we would expect that their beak sizes

A)should be more different than when sympatric.
B)should be more similar than when sympatric.
C)should be larger than when sympatric.
D)should be smaller than when sympatric.

Question 36

Which statement is true about speciation on island archipelagos?

A)Speciation is slow because it depends on emigration from the mainland.
B)Most speciation occurs allopatrically.
C)Ecological competition may cause new species to go extinct slowing speciation.
D)Speciation by polyploidy is most common.

Question 37

Which form of speciation is most rapid?

A)allopatric speciation on the mainland
B)allopatric speciation on island archipelagos
C)sympatric speciation via polyploidy
D)sympatric speciation via disruptive selection

Question 38

Several species of sea urchins may inhabit the same tide pool and their reproductive periods overlap.Although they practice external fertilization, they seldom interbreed because eggs produce chemicals that are only attractive to sperm of their own species.This is an example of a _________ barrier that _______________.

A)prezygotic; causes geographic isolation
B)prezygotic; causes temporal isolation
C)prezygotic; prevents gamete fusion
D)postzygotic; prevents zygote fusion

Question 39

Two populations that inhabit the same area but remain genetically distinct can best be called

A)species.
B)subspecies (races).
C)polymorphic.
D)allopatric species.

Question 40

Several new tetraploid species of a plant called salsify (Tragopogon) known as salsify have arisen in western North America.These new species each arose from a diploid species that went through the process of allopolyploidy.This mode of speciation is a type of ________ and it occurs _______.

A)allopatric speciation; almost instantaneously
B)allopatric speciation; very slowly
C)sympatric speciation; almost instantaneously
D)sympatric speciation; very slowly

Question 41

Reinforcement is most likely to drive the evolution of

A)prezygotic isolating mechanisms, because selection favors alleles that prevent hybridization.
B) postzygotic isolating mechanisms, because selection acts after the formation of hybrids.
C) prezygotic isolating mechanisms, because selection favors alleles that promote hybridization.
D)postzygotic isolating mechanisms, because hybrids have low fitness relative to the parents.

Question 42

NASA Scientists send a small population of dogs to a new planet in order to test if it will be hospitable for human colonization.Through a random lottery, only Great Dane and St.Bernard dog breeds are sent, and the resulting population consists of tall, longhaired dogs.After 100 years these dogs return to Earth and are no longer able to mate with Earth dogs.This scenario is an example of

A)allopatric speciation through genetic drift.
B)allopatric speciation through natural selection.
C)sympatric speciation through genetic drift.
D)sympatric speciation through natural selection.

Question 43

Diversification of mammals after the extinction of the dinosaurs is considered an adaptive radiation because a few mammal species rapidly evolved into most of the current mammalian lineages in a relatively short amount of time.This diversification was partially driven by the evolution of endothermic homeostasis in mammals, which is an example of

A)allopatric speciation.
B)reproductive isolation.
C)a key innovation.
D)hybridization.

Question 44

Courtship for Anolis lizards involves the male displaying a dewlap (skin under the throat area) that varies in appearance based upon the species.Lizards that are found in darker, more shaded environments will have dewlaps that are lighter in color because they are more noticeable by potential mates.Which of the following mechanisms best explains how speciation is at work in this example?

A)Postzygotic isolation
B)Reinforcement
C)Genetic drift
D)Natural selection