Deck 50: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

Question 1

Mike has just returned home from college for the summer and notices that his 8-year old Dalmation dog Patches is limping and has difficulty walking up and down stairs.When Mike takes Patches to the vet, the vet recommends that Mike put him on a low-purine diet.This dietary change will lessen the formation of painful precipitates of ___________ in Patches' joints.

A)ammonia
B)urea
C)adenine and guanine
D)uric acid

Answer 1

D

Question 2

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing, which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later, you observe that the bag has swelled due to

A)the high osmolarity of the surrounding water.
B)passive transport of sucrose molecules.
C)the osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution.
D)the pressure exerted on the bag by the surrounding water.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

One of the key factors in vertebrate colonization of many diverse environments is

A)the flexibility provided by selective reabsorption of different solutes.
B)not requiring a lot of water due to their closed systems.
C)the ability to eat foods with lots of water.
D)the ability to control water loss by controlling perspiration.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The regulatory systems of the animal body maintain a relatively stable internal condition through a process called ____________________.

A)equilibrium
B)absorption
C)osmoreception
D)homeostasis

Question 5

A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus.What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 6

In vertebrates, most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ____________.

A)absorption
B)excretion
C)filtration
D)reabsorption

Question 7

The presence of a loop of Henle in nephrons is an evolutionary adaptation that enables mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a ____________ urine.

A)hypertonic
B)osmolar
C)isotonic
D)hypotonic

Question 8

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

A)active transport.
B)osmosis.
C)countercurrent flow.
D)facilitated diffusion.

Question 9

Substances NOT usually found in normal human urine are

A)certain drugs.
B)urea and uric acid.
C)water molecules.
D)glucose molecules.

Question 10

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

A)coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal.
B)secretion of regulatory hormones into the tubule.
C)kidneys used as filtering organs.
D)passage of water and waste of the body across a layer of cells into a tubular structure.

Question 11

Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.

A)Malpighian tubules
B)antennal glands
C)salt glands
D)protonephridia

Question 12

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

A)ion concentration of extracellular fluids.
B)blood pressure.
C)destruction of worn-out red blood cells.
D)blood volume.

Question 13

The adrenal hormone, aldosterone, regulates kidney function by

A)increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to salt.
B)increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to urea.
C)stimulating active reabsorption of sodium, decreasing its excretion.
D)triggering a sensation of thirst.

Question 14

Each human kidney contains about a million ______________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

A)ureters
B)nephrons
C)nephridia
D)flame cells

Question 15

Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago.What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

A)decreased thirst sensation
B)decreased release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
C)increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney
D)increased release of atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 16

Where are the receptors that respond to elevated blood osmolarity?

A)in the hypothalamus
B)in the heart
C)in the adrenal medulla
D)in the kidneys

Question 17

In mammalian kidneys, blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ____________ multiplier system.

A)reversible
B)homeostatic
C)countercurrent
D)exponential

Question 18

Nearly two-thirds of every vertebrate's body is composed of __________.

A)bones
B)muscle
C)carbon
D)water

Question 19

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

A)between the bladder and the outside of the body
B)between a kidney and the bladder
C)between a Bowman's capsule and a loop of Henle
D)between the end of a nephron and the renal pelvis

Question 20

The organ that performs filtration of blood, reabsorption, and secretion in vertebrates is the _______.

A)small intestine
B)pancreas
C)liver
D)kidney

Question 21

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

A)mammals-urea
B)reptiles-uric acid
C)most fish-ammonia
D)insects-ammonia

Question 22

The kidneys are both protected and held in place by cushions of fat.In cases of rapid weight loss, the kidneys may drop to a lower position, possibly causing kinks in a nearby tubular organ.If this happens, urine will back up into the kidneys, severely damaging them.What organ(s) is/are most-likely kinked in this situation?

A)urethra
B)renal arteries
C)ureters
D)renal veins

Question 23

What animals could drink seawater and not get dehydrated?

A)human
B)garter snake
C)sea gull
D)freshwater perch

Question 24

What animal cannot make hypertonic urine?

A)human
B)dog
C)blue jay
D)American toad

Question 25

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 26

Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

A)Malpighian tubules-insects
B)antennal glands-mollusks
C)protonephridia-flatworms
D)nephridia-annelids

Question 27

Freshwater fish are _____ with respect to osmoregulation.

A)hypertonic regulators
B)isotonic conformers
C)hypotonic regulators
D)hypertonic conformers

Question 28

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where water is absolutely not reabsorbed?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 29

Roger, who has Type I diabetes mellitus, forgot to take along his insulin on a fishing trip to a remote part of Alaska.It takes him three days to make it out of the wilderness to a hospital.What would be the most likely match to Roger's blood and urine profile once he reaches the hospital?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 30

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 31

Select the incorrectly-matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.

A)amphibians-isotonic
B)desert mammals-strongly hypertonic
C)marine mammals-strongly hypertonic
D)marine reptiles-isotonic

Question 32

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

A)the osmolarity of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.
B)that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their surroundings.
C)the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.
D)that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their cells.

Question 33

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

A)inhibiting reabsorption of sodium ion in the collecting duct.
B)decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus to water.
C)causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.
D)inhibiting the reabsorption of water in the glomerulus.

Question 34

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

A)Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct
B)Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct
C)Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct
D)Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ distal convoluted tubule

Question 35

Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar.After a while, Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before, when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water.Why is that?

A)Alcohol stimulates secretion of ions into the nephron and water follows by osmosis.
B)Alcohol stimulates filtration of the blood plasma by the glomeruli.
C)Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland, thereby decreasing water reabsorption.
D)Alcohol inhibits reabsorption of sugars, amino acids and other small metabolites, which decreases reabsorption of water.