Question 1

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

Accepted Answer

A) the osmolarity of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments. 
B) that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their surroundings. 
C) the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment. 
D) that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their cells. 
A) the osmolarity of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments. 
B) that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their surroundings. 
C) the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment. 
D) that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their cells. C

Question 2

A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus.What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D C

Question 3

The adrenal hormone, aldosterone, regulates kidney function by

Accepted Answer

A) increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to salt. 
B) increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to urea. 
C) stimulating active reabsorption of sodium, decreasing its excretion. 
D) triggering a sensation of thirst. 
A) increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to salt. 
B) increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to urea. 
C) stimulating active reabsorption of sodium, decreasing its excretion. 
D) triggering a sensation of thirst. C

Question 4

Each human kidney contains about a million ______________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

Accepted Answer

A) ureters 
B) nephrons 
C) nephridia 
D) flame cells 
A) ureters 
B) nephrons 
C) nephridia 
D) flame cells

Question 5

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) ion concentration of extracellular fluids. 
B) blood pressure. 
C) destruction of worn-out red blood cells. 
D) blood volume. 
A) ion concentration of extracellular fluids. 
B) blood pressure. 
C) destruction of worn-out red blood cells. 
D) blood volume.

Question 6

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Accepted Answer

A) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct 
B) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle$\rightarrow$distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct 
D) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct $\rightarrow$proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ distal convoluted tubule 
A) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct 
B) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle$\rightarrow$distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$collecting duct 
C) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$distal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct 
D) Bowman's capsule $\rightarrow$ collecting duct $\rightarrow$proximal convoluted tubule $\rightarrow$loop of Henle $\rightarrow$ distal convoluted tubule

Question 7

Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

Accepted Answer

A) Malpighian tubules-insects 
B) antennal glands-mollusks 
C) protonephridia-flatworms 
D) nephridia-annelids 
A) Malpighian tubules-insects 
B) antennal glands-mollusks 
C) protonephridia-flatworms 
D) nephridia-annelids

Question 8

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) active transport. 
B) osmosis. 
C) countercurrent flow. 
D) facilitated diffusion. 
A) active transport. 
B) osmosis. 
C) countercurrent flow. 
D) facilitated diffusion.

Question 9

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing, which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later, you observe that the bag has swelled due to

Accepted Answer

A) the high osmolarity of the surrounding water. 
B) passive transport of sucrose molecules. 
C) the osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution. 
D) the pressure exerted on the bag by the surrounding water. 
A) the high osmolarity of the surrounding water. 
B) passive transport of sucrose molecules. 
C) the osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution. 
D) the pressure exerted on the bag by the surrounding water.

Question 10

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal. 
B) secretion of regulatory hormones into the tubule. 
C) kidneys used as filtering organs. 
D) passage of water and waste of the body across a layer of cells into a tubular structure. 
A) coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal. 
B) secretion of regulatory hormones into the tubule. 
C) kidneys used as filtering organs. 
D) passage of water and waste of the body across a layer of cells into a tubular structure.

Question 11

Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago.What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) decreased thirst sensation 
B) decreased release of ADH from the posterior pituitary 
C) increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney 
D) increased release of atrial natriuretic hormone 
A) decreased thirst sensation 
B) decreased release of ADH from the posterior pituitary 
C) increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney 
D) increased release of atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 12

Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar.After a while, Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before, when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water.Why is that?

Accepted Answer

A) Alcohol stimulates secretion of ions into the nephron and water follows by osmosis. 
B) Alcohol stimulates filtration of the blood plasma by the glomeruli. 
C) Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland, thereby decreasing water reabsorption. 
D) Alcohol inhibits reabsorption of sugars, amino acids and other small metabolites, which decreases reabsorption of water. 
A) Alcohol stimulates secretion of ions into the nephron and water follows by osmosis. 
B) Alcohol stimulates filtration of the blood plasma by the glomeruli. 
C) Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland, thereby decreasing water reabsorption. 
D) Alcohol inhibits reabsorption of sugars, amino acids and other small metabolites, which decreases reabsorption of water.

Question 13

Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.

Accepted Answer

A) Malpighian tubules 
B) antennal glands 
C) salt glands 
D) protonephridia 
A) Malpighian tubules 
B) antennal glands 
C) salt glands 
D) protonephridia

Question 14

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 15

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 16

In vertebrates, most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) absorption 
B) excretion 
C) filtration 
D) reabsorption 
A) absorption 
B) excretion 
C) filtration 
D) reabsorption

Question 17

The kidneys are both protected and held in place by cushions of fat.In cases of rapid weight loss, the kidneys may drop to a lower position, possibly causing kinks in a nearby tubular organ.If this happens, urine will back up into the kidneys, severely damaging them.What organ(s) is/are most-likely kinked in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) urethra 
B) renal arteries 
C) ureters 
D) renal veins 
A) urethra 
B) renal arteries 
C) ureters 
D) renal veins

Question 18

In mammalian kidneys, blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ____________ multiplier system.

Accepted Answer

A) reversible 
B) homeostatic 
C) countercurrent 
D) exponential 
A) reversible 
B) homeostatic 
C) countercurrent 
D) exponential

Question 19

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Accepted Answer

A) mammals-urea 
B) reptiles-uric acid 
C) most fish-ammonia 
D) insects-ammonia 
A) mammals-urea 
B) reptiles-uric acid 
C) most fish-ammonia 
D) insects-ammonia

Question 20

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

Accepted Answer

A) between the bladder and the outside of the body 
B) between a kidney and the bladder 
C) between a Bowman's capsule and a loop of Henle 
D) between the end of a nephron and the renal pelvis 
A) between the bladder and the outside of the body 
B) between a kidney and the bladder 
C) between a Bowman's capsule and a loop of Henle 
D) between the end of a nephron and the renal pelvis

Exam 50: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

A doctor suspects his patient has diabetes insipidus.What is the most likely match to the blood and urine profile of this patient?

The adrenal hormone, aldosterone, regulates kidney function by

Each human kidney contains about a million ______________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following EXCEPT

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Select the incorrectly-matched osmoregulatory organ and the organism that uses it.

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing, which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later, you observe that the bag has swelled due to

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Jill is lost in the desert and ran out of water six hours ago.What physiological effect or response would most likely occur in this situation?

Connor decides to celebrate his 21st birthday by drinking a few beers at a local sports bar.After a while, Connor notices that he is making many more trips to the men's room than the week before, when he drank similar amounts of carbonated water.Why is that?

Marine reptiles eliminate excess NaCl by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

According to the above figure, which letter corresponds to the lowest tubular fluid osmolarity under normal conditions?

In vertebrates, most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ____________.

In mammalian kidneys, blood in the vasa recta and fluid in the loop of Henle flow in opposite directions to create a ____________ multiplier system.

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

The Science of Biology

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The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

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