Deck 51: The Immune System

Question 1

In the humoral response, some B cells differentiate into plasma cells.What do plasma cells produce in large quantities?

A)agglutinations that are specific for foreign antibodies
B)interferons specific for foreign antigens
C)immunoglobulins specific for foreign antigens
D)antigens specific for foreign antibodies

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A patient with melanoma receives three types of therapy: surgery, radiation, and interferon.Which of these represents something the immune system uses against cancer as well?

A)Radiation -- a class of lymphocytes uses powerful electromagnetic radiation to attack "altered self" cells.
B)Interferon -- T_H cells and NK cells secrete interferon in response to tumor cells.
C)Interferon -- NK cells insert interferon into the membranes of tumor cells, creating large pores that burst the cells.
D)Interferon -- In complexes bound with MHC proteins, the interferons indicate the presence of altered tissue to B cells.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells?

A)immunoglobulins and antibodies
B)antibodies and antigens
C)histamines and prostaglandins
D)allergens and antigens

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is a necessary component of a powerful immune system?

A)immunological tolerance
B)strict temperature homeostasis
C)thousands of different Ig genes
D)a large thymus gland

Question 5

What is the term for immunity gained by the transfer of antibodies across the placental barrier?

A)passive immunity
B)acquired immunity
C)humoral immunity
D)cell-mediated immunity

Question 6

What cells are phagocytes that can also present antigens to T_H cells?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells

Question 7

What molecules are released by activated helper T cells?

A)antigens
B)immunoglobulins
C)cytokines
D)antibodies

Question 8

What is the name for molecules that provoke a specific immune response?

A)antigens
B)lymphocytes
C)antibodies
D)lysozymes

Question 9

During a blood transfusion, what can occur when the antigens on the blood cells of a blood donor interact with the antibodies that are present in the plasma of a recipient that has a different blood type?

A)an autoimmune reaction
B)an infection
C)an agglutination reaction
D)an inflammatory reaction

Question 10

What is another term for allergy?

A)autoimmunity
B)antibodies
C)hypersensitivity
D)antigen shifting

Question 11

What are the helper and inducer cells?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells

Question 12

You sit next to Uncle Ed, an immunologist, at Thanksgiving dinner."I'm a 'big eater'", he says, "just like the cells I study." What are the large cells that engulf pathogens that Uncle Ed works with?

A)monocytes
B)erythrocytes
C)macrophages
D)bacteriophages

Question 13

Which cells produce specific antibodies?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells

Question 14

What category of cells includes both phagocytes and lymphocytes?

A)leukocytes
B)erythrocytes
C)platelets
D)target cells

Question 15

Lymphocyte receptors are encoded by genes that are assembled by rearrangement and mutation of what molecules?

A)pre-mRNA
B)mRNA
C)tRNA
D)DNA

Question 16

The surface defenses of the body consist of the ______ and the mucous membranes lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.

A)bone marrow
B)skin
C)T cells
D)lymphocytes

Question 17

__________ diseases are those abnormal conditions in which the body's defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly, and attack the body's own tissues.

A)Septic
B)Nondiscrete
C)Autoimmune
D)Cancerous

Question 18

What are on the surface of most vertebrate cells, acting as markers of "self"?

A)major histocompatibility complex proteins
B)T-cell receptors
C)antigens
D)immunoglobulins

Question 19

What are the source of antibody-producing cells?

A)B cells
B)macrophages
C)plasma cells
D)T cells

Question 20

The human immunodeficiency virus mounts a direct attack on T_H cells by recognizing the _______ surface proteins associated with these cells.

A)Fc
B)CD4
C)epitope
D)cytokine

Question 21

When a person is tested for HIV, the test is considered positive if _______ to the HIV are present.

A)bacteria
B)antigens
C)antibodies
D)T-cells

Question 22

Select the correct statement regarding the temperature response of the immune system.

A)When macrophages encounter invading cells, they release immunoglobulin-1, which is carried to the brain by the circulatory system.
B)Interleukin-1 is a pyrogen, which can cause the neurons in the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature, producing a fever.
C)Fever contributes to the body's defenses by stimulating hyperhidrosis and causing the liver and spleen to store magnesium.
D)Fevers above 99 $\degree$ F are often fatal.

Question 23

Which of the following is true regarding cytokines?

A)Cytokines are secreted by T_H cells and bind to receptors.
B)Cytokines are immune cells involved in producing antibodies.
C)Cytokines are secreted by pathogens during infection.
D)Cytokines bind to intracellular receptors.

Question 24

You are studying a trafficking protein important for secretion in helper T cells.What is the likely outcome of a defect in this protein?

A)impaired secretion of immunoglobulins
B)impaired secretion of degraded antigens
C)impaired secretion of membrane attack complex
D)impaired secretion of cytokines

Question 25

Which of the following describes passive immunity?

A)antibodies transferred to the fetus from the mother across the placenta
B)vaccination for polio
C)allowing oneself to become infected with chicken pox
D)vaccination for influenza

Question 26

Imagine that a Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene has duplicated and mutated, creating a leucine-rich region binding pocket that can now bind to the hemagglutinin protein in the envelope of influenza virus.What do you predict will happen to this novel gene?

A)It will be selected for and over evolutionary time will become an even better receptor for HA protein.
B)It will spread from species to species.
C)It will undergo VDJ rearrangement.
D)It will continue to mutate, perhaps changing to bind other proteins or becoming deleted.

Question 27

Which of the following cells is matched to an incorrect function?

A)eosinophil-important to the elimination of parasites
B)mast cell-releases histamine
C)macrophage-phagocytic cell
D)neutrophil-important antigen presenting cell

Question 28

Which mechanism allows certain viral pathogens to evade the vertebrate immune system?

A)becoming a symbiont
B)becoming nonvirulent
C)frequent changing of surface antigens
D)becoming metabolically inactive

Question 29

T cells binding to MHC-peptide complexes are responsible for acceptance or rejection of transplanted organs.To facilitate acceptance of the transplant, the ideal donor will have a close genetic relationship with the recipient -- even then, immune suppression drugs are often necessary.In a strange variation of this phenomenon, the endangered Tasmanian devil of Australia suffers from a devastating disease in which tumorous tissue is transmitted from animal to animal.What is the likely explanation for the lack of rejection of this transmissible tumor?

A)MHC genes are unique to humans.Without them, the T cells have no way to distinguish self and non-self.
B)Marsupials lack an adaptive immune system.
C)Low genetic diversity makes the MHC genes invariant, so the "transplanted" tissue is accepted as self.
D)Tumors are never targeted by T cells, unless they are caused by a viral infection.

Question 30

The cell-mediated immune response is brought about by which cells?

A)B cells
B)T cells
C)erythrocytes
D)fibroblasts

Question 31

Where are MHC_II cell surface proteins found?

A)macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells
B)erythrocytes
C)acidophils
D)neutrophils

Question 32

Which of the following regarding antigens is true?

A)A large antigen is likely to have many different epitopes, each of which can stimulate a distinct immune response.
B)An antigen is a molecule which promotes a general immune response.
C)Bacteria do not contain antigens.
D)Antigens can only be recognized by their lipid moieties.

Question 33

What is the blood type of individuals who lack antigens on their red blood cell surfaces?

A)A, Rh⁺
B)B, Rh⁺
C)AB, Rh^-
D)O, Rh^-.

Question 34

When a "new" antigen first challenges the immune system, if the primary immune response produces B cells, what are the fates of those B cells? I-Some of the B cells become plasma cells that secrete antibodies.II-Some of the B cells become memory cells and can produce a swifter response if the body encounters that particular antigen again.III-Some of the B cells secrete chemicals called pyrogens that travel to the brain inducing a fever.

A)just II
B)just I
C)II and III
D)I and II

Question 35

Which process allows a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes?

A)DNA rearrangement
B)DNA reestablishment
C)clonal variability
D)instructional variation

Question 36

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgD
D)IgA

Question 37

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

A)the way in which pathogens are recognized
B)the way in which pathogens are destroyed
C)the types of cells that participate in each response
D)the speed

Question 38

A patient has come to you for a second opinion."I have these mysterious lumps in my right armpit," he says, "The other doctor says we may have to remove them.What do you think?" You notice red scratches on the patient's right arm."You must have a new kitten.Cat scratch disease, from the bacterium Bartonella ," you say, "And we certainly won't remove those lumps, they are really important! Those are your..."

A)"thymus glands, where naive B and T cells encounter antigens and become activated."
B)"lymph nodes, where T-cell receptor genes are rearranged as T cells mature."
C)"lymph nodes, where naive B and T cells encounter antigens and become activated."
D)"spleen, where hematopoietic stem cells produce lymphoid and myeloid progenitors."

Question 39

Until renamed by Paul Ehrlich in the 1890s, the heat-labile, nonspecific part of the immune system that enhances inflammation was known as "alexin".We now know that various proteins of this system attract neutrophils to tissues, direct phagocytosis of targets by neutrophils and macrophages, burst pathogens by insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC), stimulate histamine release, and increase capillary permeability.What did Ehrlich rename this part of the immune system?

A)complement
B)contingent
C)Toll-like response
D)acquired immunity

Question 40

Which part of an antibody determines to which epitope it will bind?

A)the two arms of the Y
B)disulfide chains
C)the heavy chains
D)the stem of the Y

Question 41

Two proteins, Rag-1 and Rag-2, catalyze VDJ recombination.What is the likely outcome of a deletion of the Rag genes?

A)mild susceptibility to infection due to T cell defects
B)increased antibody diversity from B cells
C)severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) of both B and T cells
D)increased resistance to infection due to enhanced B and T cell function

Question 42

What would happen to immunoglobulin genes if alternative mRNA splicing was nonfunctional?

A)Transcripts would contain a single V region only.
B)Transcripts would contain all possible V, D, J, and constant regions.
C)Transcripts would have extra V, D, and J segments attached to a single constant region.
D)Transcripts would have single V and D segments, but extra J segments and constant regions.

Question 43

If Peter is allergic to peanuts and Paul is not, what is the precise molecular difference in Peter's bloodstream responsible for this?

A)Peter's blood has mast cells and basophils carrying IgEs that match an antigen on peanuts.
B)Peter's blood has a continually excessive level of histamines and prostaglandins.
C)Paul's blood has mast cells and basophils with IgEs that confer immunotolerance to peanuts, but Peter's does not.
D)Peter inherited a peanut-specific IgG gene from his mother or father, while Paul did not.

Question 44

Two proteins, Rag-1 and Rag-2, catalyze VDJ recombination.Where would you expect these proteins to be expressed?

A)thyroid and parathyroid
B)bone marrow only
C)bone marrow and thymus
D)thyroid only

Question 45

B cells can generate antibodies with over 10¹⁰ different antigen-binding sites.How do so many different antibodies fit onto a single B cell?

A)B cells are unusually large cells.
B)B cells have wavy, invaginated plasma membranes to provide more surface area.
C)B cells have long flagella-like extensions to provide more surface area.
D)They don't -- each B cell makes only a single variety of antibody.

Question 46

Unless rare antigens are present ideally, a patient needing a transfusion will receive blood of the identical blood type.But in an emergency, what blood type can be given in a transfusion to anyone?

A)AB Rh-positive
B)AB Rh-negative
C)O Rh-negative
D)O Rh-positive

Question 47

You are designing a fast assay system for detecting flu virus in patients.You hope to send these tests to clinics in far-flung regions of the globe so they can conduct surveillance on influenza epidemics.The kits will need to remain functional for several years.What type of antibody will you choose?

A)polyclonal
B)monoclonal

Question 48

Why must T cell activation take place outside the thymus?

A)An activated T cell could destroy the other maturing T cells.
B)An activated T cell could then destroy the thymus gland itself.
C)Many T cells are self-reactive and must be eliminated in the thymus before any possibility of activation.
D)Other cell types might be accidentally activated in the thymus.

Question 49

Every year a new version of the flu vaccine is made using a mixture of strains.The strains are chosen based on surveillance and analysis by experts from the FDA, WHO, and CDC.For other diseases however, such as varicella (chickenpox), the same vaccine is used continually and repeated vaccinations are not necessary.What do you conclude is the important difference between the influenza virus and the varicella zoster virus with regards to vaccinations?

A)Influenza virus is transmitted through aerosol droplets in the air, while varicella can be transmitted via skin secretions.
B)Varicella is attacked by the innate immune system, while influenza is attacked by the acquired immune system.
C)Influenza virus has a much higher mutation rate than varicella, leading to frequent antigen changes in the coat proteins.
D)Influenza envelope proteins are bound by IgM, while varicella envelope proteins are bound by IgG.

Question 50

What is a consequence of the fact that the chickenpox virus has a much lower mutation rate than the influenza virus?

A)Chickenpox virus can "hide out" as latent virus in nerve cell bodies, but influenza cannot.
B)Chickenpox creates skin lesions, while influenza leads to body aches.
C)Chickenpox virus can reemerge decades later with the symptoms of shingles, while influenza is transient.
D)A chickenpox infection generally gives immunity against a repeat infection, but people can catch the flu every year.

Question 51

Your initial version of the influenza assay kit was a great success.Now you are making a new version that will detect one specific strain of influenza that is particularly virulent, and distinguish it from other typical strains.What type of antibody would be best in this case?

A)polyclonal
B)monoclonal

Question 52

In the old days, milkmaids were exposed to cowpox from milking the cows, and this fortuitously gave them some protection from smallpox.What was happening in the milkmaids?

A)They were receiving a dose of generic IgG from the sick cows.
B)They were effectively receiving a vaccination from a related virus.
C)They were heightening their overall immune response due to exposure to the cowpox and other cow parasites.
D)They had a stronger immune response from drinking the milk, which sent cow B cells circulating through their blood.

Question 53

A pathogenic virus has a new mutation in one of the coat proteins, that just happens to resemble the structure of a normal human protein present in glial cells of the CNS.What do you predict may be an outcome of infection by this virus?

A)The initial response to the virus will be strong, but will then be shut down by immunological tolerance.
B)An autoimmune disease of the brain may develop.
C)The innate immune system will ignore the pathogen, but the acquired immune system will attack it.
D)The membrane attack complex will be unable to burst the viral membrane.