Question 1

Which process allows a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA rearrangement 
B) DNA reestablishment 
C) clonal variability 
D) instructional variation 
A) DNA rearrangement 
B) DNA reestablishment 
C) clonal variability 
D) instructional variation A

Question 2

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

Accepted Answer

A) IgM 
B) IgG 
C) IgD 
D) IgA 
A) IgM 
B) IgG 
C) IgD 
D) IgA D

Question 3

If Peter is allergic to peanuts and Paul is not, what is the precise molecular difference in Peter's bloodstream responsible for this?

Accepted Answer

A) Peter's blood has mast cells and basophils carrying IgEs that match an antigen on peanuts. 
B) Peter's blood has a continually excessive level of histamines and prostaglandins. 
C) Paul's blood has mast cells and basophils with IgEs that confer immunotolerance to peanuts, but Peter's does not. 
D) Peter inherited a peanut-specific IgG gene from his mother or father, while Paul did not. 
A) Peter's blood has mast cells and basophils carrying IgEs that match an antigen on peanuts. 
B) Peter's blood has a continually excessive level of histamines and prostaglandins. 
C) Paul's blood has mast cells and basophils with IgEs that confer immunotolerance to peanuts, but Peter's does not. 
D) Peter inherited a peanut-specific IgG gene from his mother or father, while Paul did not. A

Question 4

Lymphocyte receptors are encoded by genes that are assembled by rearrangement and mutation of what molecules?

Accepted Answer

A) pre-mRNA 
B) mRNA 
C) tRNA 
D) DNA 
A) pre-mRNA 
B) mRNA 
C) tRNA 
D) DNA

Question 5

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) the way in which pathogens are recognized 
B) the way in which pathogens are destroyed 
C) the types of cells that participate in each response 
D) the speed 
A) the way in which pathogens are recognized 
B) the way in which pathogens are destroyed 
C) the types of cells that participate in each response 
D) the speed

Question 6

You are studying a trafficking protein important for secretion in helper T cells.What is the likely outcome of a defect in this protein?

Accepted Answer

A) impaired secretion of immunoglobulins 
B) impaired secretion of degraded antigens 
C) impaired secretion of membrane attack complex 
D) impaired secretion of cytokines 
A) impaired secretion of immunoglobulins 
B) impaired secretion of degraded antigens 
C) impaired secretion of membrane attack complex 
D) impaired secretion of cytokines

Question 7

What is the term for immunity gained by the transfer of antibodies across the placental barrier?

Accepted Answer

A) passive immunity 
B) acquired immunity 
C) humoral immunity 
D) cell-mediated immunity 
A) passive immunity 
B) acquired immunity 
C) humoral immunity 
D) cell-mediated immunity

Question 8

Until renamed by Paul Ehrlich in the 1890s, the heat-labile, nonspecific part of the immune system that enhances inflammation was known as "alexin".We now know that various proteins of this system attract neutrophils to tissues, direct phagocytosis of targets by neutrophils and macrophages, burst pathogens by insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC), stimulate histamine release, and increase capillary permeability.What did Ehrlich rename this part of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) complement 
B) contingent 
C) Toll-like response 
D) acquired immunity 
A) complement 
B) contingent 
C) Toll-like response 
D) acquired immunity

Question 9

During a blood transfusion, what can occur when the antigens on the blood cells of a blood donor interact with the antibodies that are present in the plasma of a recipient that has a different blood type?

Accepted Answer

A) an autoimmune reaction 
B) an infection 
C) an agglutination reaction 
D) an inflammatory reaction 
A) an autoimmune reaction 
B) an infection 
C) an agglutination reaction 
D) an inflammatory reaction

Question 10

Imagine that a Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene has duplicated and mutated, creating a leucine-rich region binding pocket that can now bind to the hemagglutinin protein in the envelope of influenza virus.What do you predict will happen to this novel gene?

Accepted Answer

A) It will be selected for and over evolutionary time will become an even better receptor for HA protein. 
B) It will spread from species to species. 
C) It will undergo VDJ rearrangement. 
D) It will continue to mutate, perhaps changing to bind other proteins or becoming deleted. 
A) It will be selected for and over evolutionary time will become an even better receptor for HA protein. 
B) It will spread from species to species. 
C) It will undergo VDJ rearrangement. 
D) It will continue to mutate, perhaps changing to bind other proteins or becoming deleted.

Question 11

Which part of an antibody determines to which epitope it will bind?

Accepted Answer

A) the two arms of the Y 
B) disulfide chains 
C) the heavy chains 
D) the stem of the Y 
A) the two arms of the Y 
B) disulfide chains 
C) the heavy chains 
D) the stem of the Y

Question 12

What is a necessary component of a powerful immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) immunological tolerance 
B) strict temperature homeostasis 
C) thousands of different Ig genes 
D) a large thymus gland 
A) immunological tolerance 
B) strict temperature homeostasis 
C) thousands of different Ig genes 
D) a large thymus gland

Question 13

A patient with melanoma receives three types of therapy: surgery, radiation, and interferon.Which of these represents something the immune system uses against cancer as well?

Accepted Answer

A) Radiation -- a class of lymphocytes uses powerful electromagnetic radiation to attack "altered self" cells. 
B) Interferon -- TH cells and NK cells secrete interferon in response to tumor cells. 
C) Interferon -- NK cells insert interferon into the membranes of tumor cells, creating large pores that burst the cells. 
D) Interferon -- In complexes bound with MHC proteins, the interferons indicate the presence of altered tissue to B cells. 
A) Radiation -- a class of lymphocytes uses powerful electromagnetic radiation to attack "altered self" cells. 
B) Interferon -- TH cells and NK cells secrete interferon in response to tumor cells. 
C) Interferon -- NK cells insert interferon into the membranes of tumor cells, creating large pores that burst the cells. 
D) Interferon -- In complexes bound with MHC proteins, the interferons indicate the presence of altered tissue to B cells.

Question 14

Which of the following cells is matched to an incorrect function?

Accepted Answer

A) eosinophil-important to the elimination of parasites 
B) mast cell-releases histamine 
C) macrophage-phagocytic cell 
D) neutrophil-important antigen presenting cell 
A) eosinophil-important to the elimination of parasites 
B) mast cell-releases histamine 
C) macrophage-phagocytic cell 
D) neutrophil-important antigen presenting cell

Question 15

A pathogenic virus has a new mutation in one of the coat proteins, that just happens to resemble the structure of a normal human protein present in glial cells of the CNS.What do you predict may be an outcome of infection by this virus?

Accepted Answer

A) The initial response to the virus will be strong, but will then be shut down by immunological tolerance. 
B) An autoimmune disease of the brain may develop. 
C) The innate immune system will ignore the pathogen, but the acquired immune system will attack it. 
D) The membrane attack complex will be unable to burst the viral membrane. 
A) The initial response to the virus will be strong, but will then be shut down by immunological tolerance. 
B) An autoimmune disease of the brain may develop. 
C) The innate immune system will ignore the pathogen, but the acquired immune system will attack it. 
D) The membrane attack complex will be unable to burst the viral membrane.

Question 16

When a person is tested for HIV, the test is considered positive if _______ to the HIV are present.

Accepted Answer

A) bacteria 
B) antigens 
C) antibodies 
D) T-cells 
A) bacteria 
B) antigens 
C) antibodies 
D) T-cells

Question 17

Which of the following regarding antigens is true?

Accepted Answer

A) A large antigen is likely to have many different epitopes, each of which can stimulate a distinct immune response. 
B) An antigen is a molecule which promotes a general immune response. 
C) Bacteria do not contain antigens. 
D) Antigens can only be recognized by their lipid moieties. 
A) A large antigen is likely to have many different epitopes, each of which can stimulate a distinct immune response. 
B) An antigen is a molecule which promotes a general immune response. 
C) Bacteria do not contain antigens. 
D) Antigens can only be recognized by their lipid moieties.

Question 18

Every year a new version of the flu vaccine is made using a mixture of strains.The strains are chosen based on surveillance and analysis by experts from the FDA, WHO, and CDC.For other diseases however, such as varicella (chickenpox), the same vaccine is used continually and repeated vaccinations are not necessary.What do you conclude is the important difference between the influenza virus and the varicella zoster virus with regards to vaccinations?

Accepted Answer

A) Influenza virus is transmitted through aerosol droplets in the air, while varicella can be transmitted via skin secretions. 
B) Varicella is attacked by the innate immune system, while influenza is attacked by the acquired immune system. 
C) Influenza virus has a much higher mutation rate than varicella, leading to frequent antigen changes in the coat proteins. 
D) Influenza envelope proteins are bound by IgM, while varicella envelope proteins are bound by IgG. 
A) Influenza virus is transmitted through aerosol droplets in the air, while varicella can be transmitted via skin secretions. 
B) Varicella is attacked by the innate immune system, while influenza is attacked by the acquired immune system. 
C) Influenza virus has a much higher mutation rate than varicella, leading to frequent antigen changes in the coat proteins. 
D) Influenza envelope proteins are bound by IgM, while varicella envelope proteins are bound by IgG.

Question 19

What cells are phagocytes that can also present antigens to TH cells?

Accepted Answer

A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells 
A) B cells 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) T cells

Question 20

What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells?

Accepted Answer

A) immunoglobulins and antibodies 
B) antibodies and antigens 
C) histamines and prostaglandins 
D) allergens and antigens 
A) immunoglobulins and antibodies 
B) antibodies and antigens 
C) histamines and prostaglandins 
D) allergens and antigens

Exam 51: The Immune System

Which process allows a vertebrate to generate millions of different lymphocytes?

Which is the major form of antibody in external secretions?

If Peter is allergic to peanuts and Paul is not, what is the precise molecular difference in Peter's bloodstream responsible for this?

Lymphocyte receptors are encoded by genes that are assembled by rearrangement and mutation of what molecules?

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

You are studying a trafficking protein important for secretion in helper T cells.What is the likely outcome of a defect in this protein?

What is the term for immunity gained by the transfer of antibodies across the placental barrier?

During a blood transfusion, what can occur when the antigens on the blood cells of a blood donor interact with the antibodies that are present in the plasma of a recipient that has a different blood type?

Imagine that a Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene has duplicated and mutated, creating a leucine-rich region binding pocket that can now bind to the hemagglutinin protein in the envelope of influenza virus.What do you predict will happen to this novel gene?

Which part of an antibody determines to which epitope it will bind?

What is a necessary component of a powerful immune system?

A patient with melanoma receives three types of therapy: surgery, radiation, and interferon.Which of these represents something the immune system uses against cancer as well?

Which of the following cells is matched to an incorrect function?

A pathogenic virus has a new mutation in one of the coat proteins, that just happens to resemble the structure of a normal human protein present in glial cells of the CNS.What do you predict may be an outcome of infection by this virus?

When a person is tested for HIV, the test is considered positive if _______ to the HIV are present.

Which of the following regarding antigens is true?

What cells are phagocytes that can also present antigens to TH cells?

What are two inflammatory mediators secreted by basophils and mast cells?

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What cells are phagocytes that can also present antigens to T_H cells?